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  1. Ansichten der Natur : mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen / von Alexander von Humboldt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Duke University.
    Edition: 3. verb. und verm. Ausg.
    Publication info: Stuttgart :J.G. Cotta,1849.
    Contributed by: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
    BHL Collections: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
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  2. Aphorismen aus der chemischen physiologie der pflanzen. Aus dem lateinischen übersetzt von Gotthelf Fischer. Nebst einigen zusätzen von herrn dr. und prof. Hedwig und einer vorrede von herrn dr. und prof. Christ. Friedr. Ludwig.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf,
    Publication info: Leipzig :Voss und compagnie,1794.
    Contributed by: University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
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  3. Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates; with scientific elucidations. By Alexander von Humboldt. Translated by Mrs. Sabine.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Sabine, Elizabeth Juliana (Leeves)
    Publication info: Philadelphia,Lea and Blanchard,1849.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  4. Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates. With scientific elucidations. Translated by Mrs. Sabine.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: LondonLongman, Brown, Green, and Longmans1849
    Contributed by: Gerstein - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  5. Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates with scientific elucidations / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated by Mrs. Sabine.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Sabine, Elizabeth Juliana Leeves,
    Edition: [3rd ed.]
    Publication info: London :J. Murray :1849.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  6. Atlas zu Alex. v. Humboldt's Kosmos in zweiundvierzig Tafeln mit erläuterndem texte /herausgegeben von Traugott Bromme.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bromme, Traugott,
    Publication info: Stuttgart :Krais & Hoffmann,[pref. 1851]
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
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  7. Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an Varnhagen von Ense, aus den jahren 1827 bis 1858 : nebst Auszügen aus Varnhagen's Tagebüchern und Briefen von Varnhagen und andern an Humboldt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August,
    Edition: 4. Aufl. --
    Publication info: Leipzig :F.A. Brodhaus,1860.
    Contributed by: Gerstein - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  8. Cosmos : ensayo de una descripciâon fâisica del mundo. Vertido al castellano por Bernardo Giner y Jose de Fuentes.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: Madrid :Imprenta de Gaspar y Poig,1874-1875.
    Contributed by: Northeastern University, Snell Library (archive.org)
    BHL Collections: Publicaciones en Español
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  9. Cosmos : ensayo de una descripción física del mundo / Por Alejandro de Humboldt ; vertido al castellano para esta biblioteca.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: Bélgica :E. Perié,1875-1876.
    Contributed by: Gerstein - University of Toronto (archive.org)
    BHL Collections: Publicaciones en Español
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  10. Cosmos : essai d'une description physique du monde / par Alexandre de Humboldt ; traduit par H. Faye.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Faye, H. - Quatrefages, A. de
    Edition: 2e ed. milanaise; augm. des notices sur l'auteur par A. de Quatrefages. --
    Publication info: Milan :C. Turati,1846-1851.
    Contributed by: Fisher - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  11. Cosmos : essai d'une description physique du monde / traduit par H. Faye [et Ch. Galusky]
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: Paris :Gide,1846-1851.
    Contributed by: University of Ottawa (archive.org)
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  12. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / By Alexander von Humboldt ; Translated from the German by E.C. Otté.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Dallas, W. S. - Otté, E. C. - Paul, B. H.
    Publication info: New York :Harper & Brothers,[1877]
    Contributed by: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
    BHL Collections: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
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  13. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated from the German by E.C. Otté ... [et al.].
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Otté, E. C.
    Publication info: London :H.G. Bohn,1849-1858.
    Contributed by: Gerstein - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  14. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated from the German, by E.C. Otté.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Dallas, W. S. - Otté, E. C. - Paul, B. H.
    Publication info: New York :Harper & Brothers,1850-1860
    Contributed by: Williams College Libraries (archive.org)
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  15. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humbolt ; translated from the German by E. C. Otté.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: London :Bell & Daldy,1871-72.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  16. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt; translated from the German, by E. C. Otté.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: London :G. Bell,1892-1900.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  17. Cosmos : sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated under the superintendence of ... Edward Sabine ...
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Sabine, Edward, - Sabine, Elizabeth Juliana,
    Edition: Seventh edition.
    Publication info: London :Printed for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans ... and John Murray ...,1849.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  18. Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated from the German by E.C. Otté
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Dallas, W. S. - Humboldt, Alexander von, - Otté, E. C. - Paul, B. H.
    Publication info: London :H.G. Bohn,1849-1858
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  19. Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe. By Alexander von Humboldt. Translated from the German, by E.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  20. Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe. By Alexander von Humboldt. Tr. from the German by E.C. Otté ...
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Dallas, W. S. - Otté, E. C. - Paul, B. H.
    Publication info: London :H.G. Bohn,1849-58.
    Contributed by: University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
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  21. Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe. By Alexander von Humboldt. Tr. from the German, by E.C. Otté ...
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: New York,Harper & Brothers,1866.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  22. Cosmos: a survey of the general physical history of the universe.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Prichard, Augustin.
    Publication info: New York,Harper & Brothers,1845.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  23. Essai sur la géographie des plantes :accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales, fondé sur des mesures exécutées, depuis le dixième degré de latitude boréale jusqu'au dixième degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 /par Al. de Humdboldt et A. Bonpland ; rédigée par Al. de Humboldt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimé,
    Publication info: A Paris, :Chez Levrault, Schoell et compagnie, libraires,XIII--1805.
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
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  24. Gesammelte werke von Alexander von Humboldt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Hauff, Hermann,
    Publication info: Stuttgart :J.G. Cotta,1889]
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  25. Gesammelte Werke.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: StuttgartJ.G. Cotta[1889]
    Contributed by: Robarts - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  26. Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen :nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer : auf Beobachtungen und Messungen gegründet, welche vom 10ten Grade nördlicher bis zum 10ten Grade südlicher Breite, in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 und 1803 angestellt worden sind /von Al. von Humboldt und A. Bonpland ; bearbeitet und herausgegeben von dem erstern.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimé,
    Publication info: Tübingen :Paris ;Bey F.G. Cotta :Bey F. Schoell,1807.
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
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  27. An illustration of the genus Cinchona :comprising descriptions of all the officinal Peruvian barks, including several new species, Baron de Humboldt's Account of the Cinchona forests of South America, and Laubert's Memoir on the different species of quinquina : to which are added several dissertations of Don Hippolito Ruiz on various medicinal plants of South America ... And A short account of the spikenard of the ancients ... /by Aylmer Bourke Lambert.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, - Laubert, Charles Jean, - Ruiz, Hipólito,
    Publication info: London :Printed for J. Searle,1821.
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
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  28. Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung von Alexander von Humboldt ...
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bromme, Traugott,
    Publication info: StuttgartCotta,1845-62.
    Contributed by: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
    BHL Collections: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
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  29. Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt. Tr. from the 2d German ed. by Friedrich Kapp.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Assing, Ludmilla, - Kapp, Friedrich, - Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August,
    Publication info: New York :Rudd & Carleton; [etc., etc.],1860.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  30. Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt. Tr. from the 2d German ed. by Friedrich Kapp.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Assing, Ludmilla, - Kapp, Friedrich, - Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August,
    Publication info: New York,Rudd & Carleton; [etc., etc.]1860.
    Contributed by: University of Pittsburgh Library System (archive.org)
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  31. Letters of Alexander von Humboldt written between the years 1827 and 1858 to Varnhagen von Ense together with extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt / authorized translation from the German ; with explanatory notes and a full index of names.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Assing, Ludmilla, - Kapp, Friedrich, - Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August,
    Edition: [3rd ed.]
    Publication info: London :Trübner,1860.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  32. Narrative of the circumnavigation of the globe by the Austrian frigate Novara, (Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) : undertaken by order of the imperial government, in the years l857,1858, & 1859, under the immediate auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-in-Chief of the Aust By Dr. Karl Scherzer.
    By: Scherzer, Karl, - Humboldt, Alexander von, - Wüllerstorf-Urbair, Bernhard, Freiherr von,
    Publication info: London :Saunders, Otley,1861-63.
    Contributed by: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
    BHL Collections: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
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  33. Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in peregrinatione ad plagam aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt /descripserunt, partim adumbraverunt Amat. Bonpland et Alex. de Humboldt ; ex schedis autographis Amati Bonplandi in ordinem digessit Carol. Sigismund. Kunth ...
    By: Bonpland, Aimé, - Humboldt, Alexander von, - Kunth, Karl Sigismund,
    Publication info: Lutetiae Parisiorum :sumtibus Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico,1815-1825.
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
    BHL Collections: Missouri Botanical Garden's Rare Books Collection
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  34. Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799-1804 / by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland ; translated from the French of Alexander von Humboldt and edited by Thomasina Ross.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimé, - Ross, Thomasina
    Publication info: London :G. Bell,1907.
    Contributed by: Robarts - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  35. Pflanzengeographie, nach Alexander von Humboldt's werke ueber die geographische Vertheilhung der Gewächse : mit Anmerkungen, grösseren Beilagen aus andern pflanzengeographischen Schriften und einem Excurse über die bei pflanzengeographischen Floren-Vergleichungen nöthigen Rücksichten /
    By: Beilschmied, Carl Traugott, - Humboldt, Alexander von,
    Publication info: Breslau :bei Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn,1831.
    Contributed by: University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
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  36. Plantes équinoxiales recueillies au Mexique :dans l'île de Cuba, dans les provinces de Caracas, de Cumana et de Barcelone, aux Andes de la Nouvelle Grenade, de Quito et du Pérou, et sur les bords du rio-Negro de Orénoque et de la rivière des Amazones.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimé, - Poiteau, A. - Schoell, Frédéric, - Turpin, P. J. F.
    Publication info: Paris :F. Schoell,1808-09.
    Contributed by: Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library
    BHL Collections: Missouri Botanical Garden's Rare Books Collection
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  37. Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie compar : faites dans l'ocn atlantique, dans l'intieur du nouveau continent et dans la mer du sud pendant les anns 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 / par Al. de Humboldt et A. Bonpland.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aim - Cuvier, Georges, - Latreille, P. A. - Schoell, Fric, - Stone, J. H, - Valenciennes,
    Publication info: A Paris :1811.[-1833.]
    Contributed by: Harvard University, MCZ, Ernst Mayr Library
    BHL Collections: Ernst Mayr Library of the MCZ, Harvard University
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  38. Reise in die aequinoctial-gegenden des neuen Continents in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1803 und 1804 / verfasst von Alexander von Humboldt und A. Bonplandt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimâe,
    Publication info: Stuttgart :J.G. Cotta,1815-1832.
    Contributed by: Northeastern University, Snell Library (archive.org)
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  39. Relation historique du voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804 par Al. de Humboldt et A. Bonpland. Redige par Alexandre de Humboldt.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimé,
    Publication info: Stuttgart :F. A. Brockhaus,1970.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  40. Tableaux de la nature; ou, Considérations sur les déserts, sur le physionomie des végétaux, sur les cataractes de l'Orénoque, sur la structure et l'action des volcans dans les différentes régions de la terre, etc., par A. de Humboldt. Traduits de l'allemand par J.B.B. Eyriès.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Eyriès, Jean Baptiste Benoît,
    Publication info: Paris,Gide fils,1828.
    Contributed by: Fisher - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  41. The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt / by W. Macgillivray ; with a narrative of Humboldt's most recent researches, including his celebrated journey to the Ural Mountains, and the Caspian Sea, etc.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Macgillivray, William,
    Publication info: London :T. Nelson,1857.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  42. The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt : being a condensed narrative of his journeys in the equinoctial regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia : together with analysis of his more important investigations / by W. Macgillivray.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Macgillivray, William,
    Publication info: New York, N.Y. :J. & J. Harper,1833.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  43. The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt : being a condensed narrative of his journeys in the equinoctial regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia; together with analyses of his more important investigations / by W. Macgillivray.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Macgillivray, William,
    Publication info: New York,J. [and] J. Harper,1833.
    Contributed by: Robarts - University of Toronto (archive.org)
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  44. Viage âa las regiones equinocciales del nuevo continente : hecho en 1799 hasta 1804, por Al. de Humboldt y A. Bonpland / redactado por Alejandro de Humboldt ; continuaciâon indispensable al ensayo polâitico sobre el reino de la Nueva Espaäna por el mismo autor.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bonpland, Aimâe,
    Publication info: Paris :Rosa,1826.
    Contributed by: Northeastern University, Snell Library (archive.org)
    BHL Collections: Publicaciones en Español
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  45. Views of nature, or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation : with scientific illustrations / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated from the German by E.C. Otté and Henry G. Bohn ; with a frontispiece from a sketch by the author, a fac-simile of his handwriting, and a comprehensive index.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bohn, Henry George, - Otté, E. C.
    Publication info: London :H.G. Bohn,1850.
    Contributed by: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
    BHL Collections: MBLWHOI Library, Woods Hole
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  46. Views of nature, or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation, with scientific illustrations / by Alexander von Humboldt ; tr. from the German by E.C. Otté and Henry G. Bohn.
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bohn, Henry George, - Otté, E. C. - Harrison & Sons, Printers.
    Publication info: London :H.G. Bohn,1850.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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  47. Views of nature: or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation; with scientific illustrations. By Alexander von Humboldt. Tr. from the German by E.C. Otté and Henry G. Bohn ...
    By: Humboldt, Alexander von, - Bohn, Henry George, - Otté, E. C.
    Publication info: London,G. Bell,1884.
    Contributed by: University of California Libraries (archive.org)
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Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist and explorer, was born on September 14, 1769 in the city of Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a Prussian army officer who had married his mother, Marie Elisabeth von Hollwege, in 1766. She was a well-educated, wealthy widow, from a Huguenot family which had been in Prussia since the 17th century. After Major von Humboldt’s death in 1779, the mother took sole responsibility for the education of Alexander and his older brother, Wilhelm. They were educated by private tutors and studied classics, languages, mathematics, political history and economics. In his early years, Alexander was not a very good student, but he went on to the universities of Frankfurt on der Oder and Göttingen (1787 to 1790) and at the latter school, he acquired his lifelong devotion to the natural sciences. He had previously studied botany with Karl Ludwig Willdenow (1765-1812), but his experiences at Göttingen, which was regarded as the foremost university in Germany, greatly expanded his interests. He worked principally in geology and mineralogy, and then went to the School of Mines in Freiberg for additional training. After two years at Freiberg he was given a post in the Prussian Mining Department and served as a mines supervisor in Upper Franconia from 1792 to 1797. The death of his mother in 1796 gave him financial independence and he left the civil service prepared to fulfil his dreams of world travel combined with scientific exploration.

During his years in the mining service, Humboldt had not limited himself to his official duties, but had engaged in studies and experiments in geomagnetism, physiology, climatology, and astronomy. All of this was in preparation for his future career; as early as 1794, he had refused a promotion to Berlin because he had made up his mind to resign and go on an expedition to ‘Russia, Siberia or elsewhere’. He did not, however, go to Russia. Instead, his first major trip was to Spanish America with the botanist Aimé Bonpland ( 1773-1858) and it was an epic scientific voyage which lasted six years, from 1799 to 1804. The two scientists explored the great territory which would become the states of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru and, in addition, went to Cuba and Mexico. They experienced severe hardships and dangers, but they gathered an incredible amount of information in the natural and social sciences. They recorded data in geology, botany, zoology, oceanography, and other fields, studied the local customs, languages, economies, and history, charted the courses of rivers, and altogether gave Europeans a broad, new picture of South America. Their expedition has been described as "the scientific discovery of America."

Before returning to Europe, Humboldt visited the United States, where he met with President Thomas Jefferson and many other Americans with shared interests. Back in Paris, he was received enthusiastically as one of the great explorers of the age, and there is no doubt that he was famous in the rest of Europe as well. From 1807 to 1827, Humboldt lived in Paris where he worked on the publication of his monumental travel journal and continued with his scientific experiments. In that city, he found not only the scientific company which he required, but also an active social life which included his regular attendance at the most important Paris salons. He was also the benefactor of many promising young students including Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) and Louis Agassiz (1807-1873).

By 1827, due to the costs of his publications and the expedition itself, as well as his generosity to needy students, Humboldt’s financial resources were nearly exhausted and he returned to Berlin. He accepted a post in the King’s court and resided in Berlin for the remainder of his life but until 1848, he was able to go back to Paris on a number of diplomatic assignments. In 1829, in the company of the naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenburg and the mineralogist Gustav Rose, he made a journey of 9,000 miles in Russia and Siberia. In Berlin, Humboldt’s hope was to stimulate the intellectual life of the city and to create a new generation of German scientists, but due to the conservatism of the ruling class in Prussia, his efforts brought only mixed results. His official duties included reporting to the King on scientific and artistic matters, and he was the negotiator within the government for the funding of scientific and educational projects. One positive result of his efforts was the construction of a new observatory for the city. Humboldt also gave public lectures in science at the university and was the organizer of a scientific congress in Berlin which became the model for many future international meetings.

Alexander von Humboldt was an individual of prodigious energy possessed of an insatiable curiosity about the world of nature. Nowhere is this more clearly demonstrated than in the enormous volume of his scientific and other publications-a body of work which was produced from 1790 to 1861. The major books of Humboldt’s vast bibliography include the great travel journals of thirty-four volumes, Voyage aux regions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804 par Al[exandre] de Humboldt et A[imé] Bonpland, 1805-1834; Essai sur la géographie des plantes, 1807; Ansichten der Natur, 1807; Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent, 7 vols. 1815-1826; Essai politique sur l’Îsle de Cuba, 2 vols. 1828; Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent et des progress de l’astronomie nautique au 15e et 16e siécles, 3 vols. 1836-1839; Asie Centrale, recherches sur les chaînes des montagnes et la climatologie comparée, 3 vols. 1843; Cosmos, a sketch of a physical description of the universe, 5 vols. 1845-1861.

In addition to his publications, Humboldt was engaged throughout his life in a voluminous correspondence-thousands of letters with scientists, publishers and editors, public figures, and personal friends. His interests extended well beyond the natural sciences, and he was an advocate of many causes including the abolition of slavery, constitutional government, freedom of expression, and other elements of 19th century liberalism.

In science, his major achievements were in the earth sciences and ecology; in the former, he established the basic tenets of modern geography and climatology and was the first to recognize the relationship between vulcanism and earth structures. He also made systematic studies of magnetism and was one of the founders of the International Union for Magnetic Studies, the first co-operative scientific organization. He analyzed the chemical constitution of the atmosphere, studied the physical properties of ocean waters, and introduced new techniques in map-making. His pioneering studies on the relationship between a region’s geography and its flora and fauna led to the establishment of the science of plant geography. Humboldt’s other contributions were in anthropology, astronomy, physiology, and zoology, and he must also be regarded as a major advocate for science itself. In Cosmos, his intention was to write a popular scientific book which would give the educated public a picture of the whole of the natural world and would lead to an expanded appreciation of scientific study. The book was a great success and was translated into most of the European languages, selling thousands of copies in a relatively short period. Humboldt died while working on the fifth, and final, volume.

In his own time, Alexander von Humboldt was one of the best known individuals in the Western world, and he had visitors from all over the world. He often complained of the burdens of visitors and of his extensive correspondence, saying that he was only able to do his work at night. As an illustrious citizen of the world, he was awarded honorary degrees by several universities, and memberships in a number of learned societies; there are no less than twenty-four geographic features named for him, including the Humboldt Current in the Pacific Ocean. After his death on May 6th, 1859, he was given a state funeral by the Prussian government, and was buried at the family estate of Tegel, situated north of Berlin.
 

Bibliography


  • Hanno Beck, Alexander von Humboldt, 2 vols., 1959.
  • Kurt-R. Biermann, "Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Von", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. VI, pp. 549-555.
  • Douglas Botting, Humboldt and the Cosmos, 1973.
  • Helmut de Terra, The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt, 1955.
  • Lotte Kellner, Alexander von Humboldt, 1963.
  • Jean Bernard de la Roquette, Oeuvres d’Alexandre de Humboldt, correspondance inédite scientifique et littéraire, 1869.
  • William T. Stearn, Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth and tropical American botany, 1968.

Robert F. Erickson

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