An illustrated key for the identification of the female Anopheles mosquitoes of southwestern Asia and Egypt is presented. Thirty-nine species and three subspecies are treated, including 25 species and one subspecies of Anopheles (Cellia) and 14 species and two subspecies of Anopheles (Anopheles). A new species from Egypt of the subgenus Cellia closely related to Anopheles stephensi Liston is left unnamed. Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopictus Grassi is removed from synonym with Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pallas), and Anopheles (Anopheles) habibi Mulligan and Puri is recognized as a junior synonym of Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger (Meigen). Tables providing important taxonomic references and the geographic distribution for each species are included.