184 DR. D. LYALL ON THE BOTANY 
we find small clumps or solitary specimens of the Acer macrophyl- 
lum, Pursh (large-leaved maple). This tree chooses the more 
open parts of the forest, where it sometimes attains a height 
estimated at 150 feet. The circumference of one measured was 
20 feet. Along with this tree, as well as in other places, we 
meet with the Acer circinatum, Pursh, Cornus Nuttallii, And. 
(which grows to the height of 60 to 80 feet in all, with a straight 
trunk of 14 or 15 feet before branching, and a diameter of about 
a foot and a half), the Alnus viridis, DC., the Alnus rubra, Big. (a 
common tree, most plentiful in wet places), and the Betula occi- 
dentalis, Hook. (a tree growing to the height of 60 or 70 feet, and 
most common about the borders of the forest). Along the imme- 
diate banks of the Lower Fraser, on islands and on low grounds 
subject to annual overflow, narrow belts of poplar (Populus balsa- 
mifera, L.) of large size frequently occur. 
The undershrubs of this district consist chiefly of the follow- 
ing :-— 
Mahonia, two species. Lonicera involucrata, Banks. 
Acer glabrum, Torr. occidentalis, Banks. 
Spiræa, several species. Viburnum Opulus, L. 
Rubus, several species. Vaccinium, several species. 
Ribes, several species. Gaultheria Shallon, Pursh. 
Panax horridus, Pl. & Dene. 
But in the denser parts of the forest no undergrowth exists, the 
spaces between the trees being filled up by others which have either 
been blown down by storms or laid prostrate by the hand of time. 
These are found in various stages of decay, and overriding each 
other at all angles, rendering progress through such woods in 
anything like a straight course impossible even for a man on foot 
and without any burden, and in any direction difficult and labo- 
rious. In the more open spots and along the borders of the 
forests, in addition to the shrubs above mentioned, the following 
are a few of the most characteristic plants, viz. :— 
Anemone nemorosa, L., var. Linnea borealis, Gronov. 
Aquilegia formosa, Fisch. Chimaphila umbellata, Pursh. 
Dielytra saccata, Nutt. Pyrola, three or four species. 
Dentaria tenella, Pursh. Monotropa uniflora, L. 
Circæa Lutetiana, L. lanuginosa, Nutt. 
Tellima grandiflora, Doug. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, L. 
Mitella caulescens, Nutt. Castilleja parviflora, Bong. 
Tiarella trifoliata, L. Rhinanthus minor, Ehrh. 
