







242 DE. M. T. MASTEBS 



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Foliation. 

 The leaves of Conifers assume varied appearances according to 

 the age of the plant, their position and office. Thus, passing from 

 the seedling state with its cotyledons already noticed, there may 

 be primary leaves, secondary or true foliage-leaves, hud-scales or 

 perulae, bracts on the male and female inflorescences and anther- 

 bearing leaves. These will be mentioned under their respective 

 headings 



Comparatively rarely all three portions of a perfect foliage- 

 leaf are present at the same time. The blade, or lamina, is the 

 part most often wanting ; indeed it is questionable whether what 

 is so called is not, in most cases, an expansion of the petiole, 

 destitute of those modifications of venation and nerve-endings 

 which characterize the lamina proper. In Ginkgo, for instance, 

 the stalk expands into a leafy blade without any true midrib, the 

 numerous veins being of nearly equal size, diverging from the 

 top of the stalk-forking as in Ferns, but not connected one with 

 another by side reticulations. The leaf-stalk, according to 

 Fankhauser and Thomas, has the same anatomical structure as 

 the secondary leaves of Pinus hereafter mentioned f. 



In the Yew (Taxus\ the Hemlock Spruces (Tsuga), and some 

 others, the petiole is well marked and distinct from the lamina, 







tab. 9 (1848). Araucariaexcelsa (Dombeya), Lambert, Pinus, ed. major, t. 39 ; 



Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense. Abies' pectinata, Willkomm, Forstl. Flora, 



p. 113. Cedrus Libani, L. C. Kichard, Comm. Bot. de Conif. t. 14 ; Duchartre, 



I. c. Dacry ilium, Nouv. Arch. Mus. iv. t. 3. Ginkgo, Le Maout and Decaisne, 



Gen. Syst. ed. Hooker, p. 747. Larix europaa, Duchartre, /. c. ; L. C. Richard, 



/. c t. 13. Picea excelsa (Link), Richard, L c. t. 15 ; Willkomm, Forstl. Flora, 



p. 59 ; Fischer, Beitrage Monocot. und Polycot. ; Sachs, Text-book, ed. Vines 



(1882), p. 508. Pinus Cembra, Fischer, Beitrage. P. Elliottii, Engelmann, 



Revision Pinus. P. Pinea, L. C. Richard, /. c. P. Salzmanni, Dunal in M£ro. 



Acad. Sc. Montpellier, ii. p. 15, t. 2. P. silvestris, Willkomm, Forstl. Flora, 



p. 103. P. pumilio, Nees, Gen. Plant. Flor. Germ. P. Strobus, Henry in Act. 



Acad. CcTs. Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Cur. xix. p. 1 (1837), tab. xii. fig. 2. Pinus 



austral is, excelsa, Laricio, monspi liens is, Pinea, Pinaster, Duchartre in Ann. Sc. 



Nat/oc. eit. Torus, Nees, Gen. Plant, Flor. Germ. Various species of Phyllo- 



cladus and Podocaipus are figured in Kirk's ' Forest Flora of New Zealand/ 



* See Zuccarini on the Morphology of the Conifers, section vi. p. 32. 

 English Edition, Ray Society, 1846. 



t Fankhauser, "Die Entwickelung des Stengels und des Blattes von Ginkgo 

 bOoba," Bot, Centralblatt, 1882, p. 229. Thomas in Pringsheim's ' Jahrbuch, 

 iv. p. 24. 



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