128 MR. MILLER CHRISTY ON THE 
The moth is— 
Cucullia verbasci (tongue about 20 mm.), one caught visiting a Cowslip flower ; 
not otherwise recorded. 
Group 2.—Those insects (limited to three or four medium-sized bees) 
which have tongues too short (that is, less than 10 mm. in length) to permit 
of their reaching the nectar of any flower of ordinary size, though long 
enough to permit of their reaching it in the case of small ill-developed 
flowers (which, therefore, they may pollinate). Such are— 
Bombus terrestris (tongue 7-9 mm.), a frequent visitor. 
Apis mellifica (tongue 6-7 mm.), a not uncommon visitor to the flowers of both 
Primrose and Oxlip, but not (so far as I have seen) to those of the Cowslip. 
I have watched individuals visiting, with fair constancy, many flowers of both 
species, though other individuals were less constant, interposing visits to 
Viola and other flowers. Most appeared to be sucking normally and success- 
fully, though some may have been gathering pollen only. Both Müller and 
Knuth state that they have seen it visit the Oxlip, but that it soon abandons 
the attempt to suck, 
Osmia rufa (tongue 7-8 mm.), recorded by Müller and Knuth as attempting to 
suck, but soon abandoning the attempt. 
Group 3.—Those medium-sized, very active, pollen-gathering bees (limited 
to three or four species) which have tongues far too short to enable them to 
reach the nectar, but gather large quantities of pollen from flowers of the 
short-styled form (only). Such are— 
Halictus albipes (tongue — mm.) ; 
Halictus cylindricus (tongue 3-4 mm.) ; 
Andrena gwynana (tongue 24 mm.), probably the most frequent of all bee visitors 
to all three species, from which it gathers pollen greedily. As Archer Briggs 
has remarked*, it may often “be seen on these flowers with its posterior 
tibia loaded with golden masses.” Müller sayst:—“It holds the anthers in 
the mouth of the flower with its fore feet, bites the pollen loose with its 
mandibles, and sweeps it with the tarsal brushes of the mid legs into the 
collecting-hairs of the hind legs.” 
Group 4.—Those insects (limited to certain species of very small beetles 
and one species of Thrips) which, lacking tongues of any kind, obviously can 
never effect pollination in:the regular and orthodox manner, but apparently 
do so in an irregular and unorthodox manner, Such are— 
Meligethes picipes extremely abundant in the corolla-tubes of the flowers, 
which they seem to inhabit, rather than visit merely f; 
* Trans, Plymouth Inst. iv. (1872), p. 189. T ‘Fertilization of Flowers,’ p. 385. 
] See ante, p. 120. 
