324 MR. W. 0. HOWARTH ON THE OCCURRENCE AND 
Var. vulgaris has the widest distribution, both inland and on the coasts. 
Vars. dumetorum and grandiflora have also inland and coastal stations. In 
dumetorum there is a tendency to large glumes, but on the whole it may be 
taken as a small-glumed form, directly linked with vulgaris through inter- 
mediate forms in different stages of hairiness. The grandiflora character 
enters very largely into all the other forms. By far the majority of the 
specimens examined under these forms have large glumes. From this group 
a line splits off having long stolons, and includes vars. planifolia, juncea, and 
arenaria; the sub-cæspitose line containing vars. tenuifolia and glaucescens 
(including pruinosa). 
Subsp. falla. occurs in Europe as forms grandiflora and barbata according 
to Hackel, and also has habitat-forms, e. g. pascua and nemoralis. 
HI. * F. RUBRA” and ** F. DURIUSCULA.” 
The Latin name Æ. rubra is first used by Linnæus in 1753 (p. 74), but he 
refers here to a description of Réd-Swingel in 1745 (no. 92), which, 
however, he slightly emends in reproducing :— 
Festuca paniculata secunda scabra, spiculis septi- (*sex- " 1753) floris aris- 
tatis, flosculo ultimo mutico, culmi levi (“levi ? omitted 1753, * semitereti " 
added). 
Gramen alpinum pratense, panicula duriora laxa spadicea, locustis majori- 
bus (Scheuch. gram. 287). 
Hab. ubique in Suecia, præsertim in Uplandia. (Replaced in 1753 by 
* Hab. in Europe: sterilis siccis.”) 
Obs. Culmus levis est, sed intra panieulam scaber, colore est culmus 
viridi, sed maturus rubet (omitted in 1753). 
Magnitudine, colore maturatis rubro, culmo tereti sed altero latere 
planiusculo, distinguiter a F. ovina. 
In his herbarium he wrote up a sheet bearing two panicles of F. rubra, 
genuina, arenaria from Lapland as A. rubra, and referred to his * Flora 
Lapponica ’ (1737, no. 52), but this is the only such reference, and we can- 
not regard the herbarium specimen as the type, for var. arenaria is confined 
to maritime sands whereas Linneeus’s F. rubra is“ everywhere in Sweden,” 
and “in Europe in dry, waste ground.” The various descriptions imply 
that F. rubra L. includes all the obviously creeping forms, such as vars. 
vulgaris, grandiflora, juncea, and arenaria of the preceding pages, and is 
therefore an aggregate. Smith apparently regarded it in this light. In 
1800 (p. 116) he describes F. rubra : “ Panicula secunda, flosculis teretius- 
culis aristatis, foliis supra pubescentibus, radix repente ” aud “ Radix repens, 
flagellis longissime (in maritimus) per arenam mobilem extensis... . . flos- 
culi ..... sepius apice margineque tantum pubescentes, dorso glaberrimo 
