328 MR. W. O. HOWARTH ON THE OCCURRENCE AND 
European authors who assign the name F. duriuscula to a form of F, ovina :— 
“folia radiealia et caulina omnia setacea sunt, compressa, rigidiuscula ac 
dura, mucronata, angustissima etc." In this he may have been influenced 
by Linnæus’s reference (1753, p. 74) to Scheuchzer and Bauhin. Mertens 
and Koch agree, and argue that their F. duriuscula must be that of Linnæus’s 
Species Plantarum (not Systema Nature) because he calls the leaves of his 
F. duriuscula setaceous and gives the habitat as dry meadows. But if we 
compare Linnzus's descriptions in 1763 and 1767 we find that in both he 
uses the words “ foliis setaceis.” They say also that no other plant grows in 
dry meadows than their F. duriuscula, but forms of F. rubra, genuina and 
fallax are very common, the former upon dry, sandy or gravelly meadows 
and heaths, the latter on chalk and limestone grasslands in Britain, and 
apparently on all soils in Europe. They recognize that in 1767 Linnæus 
probably had F. heterophylla Haenke before him ; why not in 1763? They 
suggest that the F. duriuscula of 1763 is not that of 1767. The reason for 
this is probably because in 1767 Linnzeus says of F. duriuseula that it 
resembles F. dumetorum in its filiform, channelled radical leaves and its flat, 
grass-like cauline leaves, but differs in having smooth glumes ; whilst in 1763 
he describes the radical leaves of F. dumetorum as rounded, scarcely two- 
sided. We must bear in mind, however, that in the latter case Linnæus was 
probably deseribing a fresh specimen from his garden, in which case the 
keeled nature of the leaf is not nearly so prominent as in dried herbarium 
specimens. 
Hackel (1882, pp. 89 and 216) follows Mertens and Koch above in making 
F. duriuscula L. (1753 not 1767) a form of F. ovina, but so far as the present 
author can judge, there is no authority for this. He is convinced that 
F. duriuscula L. (1763, p. 108) includes glabrous forms of 7. rubra, fallax and 
of the more cespitose forms of F. rubra, genuina ; that F. dumetorum L. 
(1763, p. 109, and 1767, p. 96) is equivalent to F. barbata Schrk. (1792, 
p. 46) and possibly also form barbata of F. rubra, fallax ; and that 
E. rubra L. (1753, p. 74) includes the more obviously stoloniferous forms of 
F. rubra, genuina. Thus fallax merges into duriuscula, and the latter into 
rubra, so that it becomes necessary to adopt the plan and revised nomen- 
clature outlined in Section I. of this paper. 
The description of F. juncifolia St. Am. (1821, p. 40) is :— 
* Panicule unilatérale, peu ample, velue; feuilles filiforme, ferme; languette 
courte, déchirée en forme de cils. 
Descr. Racine rampante. Chaulme haut d'environ deux pieds, muni de 
deux ou trois articulations un peu renflées. Feuilles roulées, cylindriques, 
très longues, striés, de la grosseur d'une ficelle, les radicales longues d’une 
pied et audelà, les caulinaires de 2 à 4 pouces. Languette à peine longue 
d'une demi ligne, déchirée en forme de cils, et non auriculée. Panicule peu 
ample, un peu en épi, devenant blanchatre en vieillissant, ramifications 
