THE BLADDERS IN UTRICULARIA VULGARIS. 413 
fleshy, and somewhat trumpet-shaped. The radicle is little developed, and 
no root-hairs are visible at this stage. 
Plants seen on the 30th of April are figured at 9 and 11. Both show distinct, 
colourless root-hairs arising from the radicle. 9 is an unusual form, 
apparently. 11 conforms with the majority, though all intermediates occur 
between 9 and 11. It will be seen that 11 has a distinct first leaf, and gener- 
ally itis extremely similar to a seedling Pinguicula. In Pinguicula, however, 
I have been able to observe no root-hairs at so early a stage as this. 
Scattered over the greater part of the surface of the young Utricularia plant 
are sessile or partially stalked glands, similar to the glands which occur on 
the outside wall of the Utricularia bladder. A most striking fact is that 
stomata are present only on the upper side of the first leaf, and if a plant is 
raised to the surface of the water, the stomata are at once thrown off by the 
apparently waxy upper side of the leaf. Thus the plant floats. Probably in 
nature few plants float in this way unless accidentally raised to the surface 
of the water, and plants left submerged develop quite well. 
The seedling now grows direct into a typical Utricularia. The radicle 
ceases growth. The second leaf is filiform, and then two or three more fili- 
form leaves may arise. A short stem grows out with another whorl of leaves 
and generally with a bladder or two. Growth continues to a normal plant, 
but in the first year little more than two whorls of leaves are produced before 
the plant forms a terminal winter bud and hibernates. 
The present note is offered to point out an existing erroneous idea, or at 
least one which | have been unable to contirm. Other interesting facts have 
been observed, and when these have been supplemented it is hoped to publish 
a full account, but such may be delayed. The development of Utricularia is 
of great phylogenetic significance, and it is hoped that other botanists will 
repeat the observations briefly stated now. 
