434 MISS H. BANDULSKA ON THE CUTICLES OF 
sinuate (F. sylvatica) or dentate, coarsely serrate (F. yrandifolia), or weakly 
toothed and indented (F. Engleriana). The midrib is prominent, with 
secondaries varying in number in the different species from 5-10 as in 
F. sylvatica or from 7-15 as in F. grandifolia. The range of angle made by 
the secondaries with the midrib is 36° to 46°. 
The leaves are delicate in texture, with the exception of F. grandifolia 
which is tough. In these species of delicate texture the upper surface is less 
delicate than the under surface. For further details of external structure, 
see Elwes and Henry 1908, Engler 1897, 1900-1901. 
Detailed Account of the Cuticles of the different Species of Fagus. 
Fagus sYLvarioa Linn. Lower Epidermis (Pl. 89. lig. 21: PI. 40. 
fig. 22 a). 
The stomata have thick cuticular rims, which persist uninjured when 
over-maceration of the leaf destroys the parenchyma. The guard cells are 
broad and flattened at their junction, which is very delicate and not 
thickened, thus differing markedly from species of Nothofagus. They are 
surrounded by 4 or 5 epidermal cells. The average diameters of the guard 
cells are*028 mm. by :022 mm. The epidermal parenchyma consists of very 
irregular cells, aud may or may not be sinuate. The veins are 4—5 cells wide. 
Hairs of two kinds occur :--(1) Short, tubular, deeply staining, arising from 
a thick-rimmed basal cell upon which two or three cells are superimposed 
and vermiformly eurved. These are scattered among the epidermal cells. 
(2) Slenderer, very long, colourless hairs, which arise from a distinct base 
which bears terminally a single long thick-walled cell. These hairs appear 
to be restricted to the larger veins, and their base consists of the junction of 
three or four vein cells. 
Upper Epidermis (Pl. 40. fig. 22) —There are a very few hair-bases 
similar to those of the long hairs of the lower epidermis among the paren- 
chyma cells, while the same hair-bases are abundant on the larger venules. 
Very numerous hair-bases are found at the junction of upper and lower 
epidermis, 
Fagus ENGLertana Seemen (6797 Brit. Mus. Herb.). 
Lower Epidermis. —Delicate, readily over-macerated (P1. 40. figs. 23.a, 23 b). 
The stomata occur in roughly quadrangular groups surrounded by venules 
hearing numerous hairs and hair-bases, and hairs are also numerous among 
the stomata, Tho guard cells and hairs stain deeply pink with saffranin, 
while the parenchyma does not take up the stain, Four to six parenchyma 
cells surround each stoma, but there is no definite grouping or special 
differentiation. The pores are minute; the guard cells very small and slightly 
depressed at their junctions, with very delicate outer walls. Two convex 
thickened strips of cutin meet at the pore and diverge slightly towards the 
