SOME RECENT AND FOSSIL FAGACER. 435 
poles. Some stomata show three bars of thickening which radiate from the 
pore to each long axis, where the guard cells are flattened. The guard cells 
have an average diameter of ‘016 mm. parallel to the pore, while at right 
angles to the long axis their average diameter is 015 mm. The parenchyma 
is practically straight-walled. The hair-bases are tubular and composed of 
two or three cells, forming a linear series, seated on a thickened basal collar 
cell. The tip is usually torn. The venules are three to five cells wide and 
the venule cells are somewhat elongated and unthickened. 
Upper Epidermis (Pl. 40. fig. 24).—This is composed of straight-walled 
regular parenchyma, Hair-bases are very numerous both on the parenchyma 
and in the numerous intersecting venules. 
FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrenb. The cuticle is resistant to maceration, not 
delicate. 
Lower Epidermis (Pl. 40. figs. 25, 26 «).— The stomata are in groups inter- 
spersed with slightly sinuate parenchyma and surrounded by venules. The 
guard cells are broad, frequently broader than long. The small pore has a 
slightly thickened poral rim, and the outer walls of the guard cells are 
stronger than is the case in most species of Fagus. The junctions of the 
guard cells are strongly thickened, the cutin passing outwards just round the 
herns of the crescents and forming a thin horizontal bar, so that the T-shaped 
cutinization characteristic of some species of Nothofagus is produced, but is 
less obvious than in Nothofagus. The average diameter of the guard cells 
parallel to the pore is 017 mm., and the average diameter of the guard cells 
across the pore is ‘019 mm. The parenchyma cells are very variable in size, 
sinuate, and tough-walled. The venules are 2-3 cells wide, and consist of 
more elongated, less sinuate, and narrower cells than those of the parenchyma. 
A few tubular hairs and hair-bases oecur on the venules. 
Upper Epidermis (Pl. 40. fig. 26 0).—This consists of moderately thick- 
walled sinuate parenchyma crossed by venules bearing tubular hairs and 
hair-bases. 
Fagus onIENTALIS Lipsky (5113 Brit. Mus. Herb.). 
Fagus orientalis is apparently synonymous with F. sylvatica var. longe- 
pedunculata Hausk. Lipsky says the leaves of P. orientalis do not differ 
from those of F. sylvatica except that those of the former are sometimes a 
little more leathery. 
The cuticle is very delicate, easily over-macerated (see Pl. 40. figs. 27, 28). 
Lower Epidermis.-—Stomata variable in size, with finely sinuate parenchyma 
interspersed between them. There are four or five cells, more or less definitely 
arranged round each stoma. The stomata have slightly thickened cuticular 
rims, and the guard cells have very slightly thickened junctions and a thinner 
cutinized border round the outer rim. They are practically isodiametric, 
sometimes broader than long and flattened at ihe poles of the long axes. 
