422 SHORT CUTS TO NECTARIES BY BLUE TITS. 
practically all the torn flowers are swelling at their bases as strongly as 
their untorn neighbours, and show no signs of falling.” 
It is curious that Bombus, a notorious maker of short cuts itself, should in 
these particular observations have kept so faithfully to the natural openings. 
That hive-bees for the most part did the same was somewhat in contrast to 
what has been their behaviour, in so far as I have observed it, in reference 
to ornithophilous flowers in Africa. It rather tempted me back to a view 
that was originally suggested by my early observations on Gardenia tigrina, 
Welw.—that at any rate highly specialized entomophilous flowers are likely 
to be prejudiced less by the short cuts of birds than are highly ornithophilous 
flowers. In the latter, the greater inconvenience of the natural approach 
relatively to insects is probably an inducement even to these visitors to use 
the birds’ short cuts. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 33. 
Fig. 1. Ribes Grossularia flowers attacked by Blue Tits, 
2. Ribes sanguineum, flowers with punctures made by Blue Tits. 
