440 MH. HISAYOSHI TAKEDA ON THE 
Hills and mountains are, to a great extent, covered with dwarf bamboos— 
species of Sasa—with which oceur other grasses and sedges. Occasionally 
the prostrate variety of Juniperus chinensis, or a straggling wild vine form 
deep-green patches on slopes. Where bamboos form dense thickets no other 
plants seem to be able to grow, since their evergreen foliage cuts off a great 
deal of light. Where the growth of the bamboo is thin or not dominant, the 
deep orange colour of Hemerocallis Middendor#ii, the large blue flowers of 
Iris setosa, and the deep crimson Pedicularis japonica, or occasionally the 
purple-flowered Geranium erianthum and the white Sanguisorba tenuifolia 
adorn the hill-sides. Such plants as Senecio palmatus, Cælopleurum Gmelin, 
and Pleurospermum austriacum, which generally grow luxuriantly in Northern 
Japan, do not here attain any conspicuous size, nor does the thick-growing 
Miscanthus play any considerable part in. plant-formations. On the grassy 
slopes we also find a large-flowered variety of Ranunculus acris, Dianthus 
superbus, Parnassia palustris, Polygonum viviparum, Patrinia seabiosijolia, the 
insignificant Rubia grandis, and the light-demanding orchids, which are 
particularly rich in species of Platanthera. In the late spring or early 
summer one would enjoy the delicious scent of the lily of the valley, which 
is, however, only found on the eastern coast. 
The exposed places, and particularly the rocky cliffs on the sea-side, well 
deserve-to be called alpine gardens. Owing to the universal growth of the 
bamboo all over the island, these more delicate plants are naturally restricted 
to the exposed rocks towards the sea. Here, on the upper edge of the cliffs, 
one finds such flowers as Anemone narcissijlora, Leontopodium kurilense, 
Trientalis europea var. arctica, Cornus canadensis, Savifraga bronchialis var. 
eherlerioides, S. reflexa, Draba borealis, Erigeron salsuginosus, Stellaria vusci- 
jolia, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium Vitis-idwa, Hedysarum obscurum var. 
neglectum, Tofieldia nutans, Oxytropis retusa, Mertensia rivularis var. japonica, 
Silene repens var. latifolia, Pedicularis venusta, Sedum Rhodiola, S. kamtscha- 
ticum, Selaginella helvetica, Androsace Chameajasme var.arctica, and particularly, 
lower down by the sea, Artemisia Schmidtiana, Conioselinum kamtschaticum, 
Cerastium boreale, and Ligusticum scoticum. 
Two kinds of forests may be classified : one of deciduous trees, and the 
other of conifers. The most important species of deciduous trees are Betula 
“rmani and Alnus incana. The former usually grows in drier situations, 
whereas tho latter is found in more moist localities. They often form pure 
forests or are sometimes mixed together. Occasionally a smal! amount of 
Acer pictum, Salix Caprea, Alnus Alnobetula, Sorbus commixta, or Phello- 
dendron amurense takes a share. Under the forest trees we generally find 
Sasa paniculata, with which no other plant will grow. Of conifers Abies 
sachalinensis is the most widely distributed. Often a single or a few 
isolated trees are found on hills, but usually it grows forming dense forests, 
occasionally in association with Picea ajanensis. Inside the dreary coniferous 
