200 DR. M. T. MASTERS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF 
to the mainland of Southern China *. From the tables he gives it is apparent 
that Japan has 12 of the Formosan species of Conifers, or 70 per cent.; North 
China 7 —41 рег cent.; Central China 10=59 per cent. ; India 1 —6 per cent. 
Japan and China have, says Hayata, а great number of Conifers in common 
with Formosa. But, so far as India is concerned, he finds only one species, 
Juniperus sinensis, common to the Floras of India, Japan, and Formosa. The 
same writer points out that North America has as many as 9 genera in 
common with Formosa, a fact which leads him to speculate on the possibility 
of a former land-connection between America and Formosa by way of the 
Aleutian and Kurile Islands, Japan, and the Loo-Choo Islands. Mr. Наума 
shows that the Floras of Japan, Formosa, Central and North China are 
closely related to each other, forming one Chino-Japanese Flora, which 
he divides into two subdivisions or * florules,” one including North China, 
Japan, and Formosa, the other including South and Central China. 
With reference to the origin of Conifers still represented by living examples 
in the northern hemisphere, M. Flahault concludes from  paleobotanical 
evidence that they originated in the eireumpolar regions of the Palzarctic 
continent. Thus species of Taxodium, Pinus, and Picea have been found in 
Tertiary or Oligocene deposits in Grinnell-land, lat. 81° 46! N.; whilst the 
Miocene of Greenland contains evidence of the presence of Tarodium, 
Glyptostrobus, Sequoia, Cephalotavus or Taxus, Cupressus ($ Chamacyparis), 
and Pinus. In the Miocene deposits of Spitzbergen, N. lat. 78°, the same 
genera with Picea and Abies, but excluding Cephalotavus or Taxus, have 
been observed. Many of these genera have also been recognized in Siberia, 
Alaska, Sachalin, in polar Western America, and in Iceland. In Miocene 
times Sequoia, Taxodium, and Glyptostrobus existed in Western Europe. In 
Nebraska, U.S., at the same period Abies, Picea, and Laria were represented 
as they now are in Central Europe : whilst in more remote ages Araucarias 
were living in Oolitic times, Cedrus and Abies in infra-Cretaceous periods, 
and Podocarpus in Eocene times. These details are taken from Prof. Fla- 
hault?s recent memoir on “ Les progrès de la Géographie Botanique depuis 
1884," in * Progressus Rei Botaniez ” (1907), p. 291. 
The annexed Table IT. gives an enumeration of all the species of Conifers 
known to inhabit Chinese territory. Their distribution in the several districts 
of the Empire— North, North-West, Central, East, West, South-West, South, 
and in the island of Formosa—is shown, together with an indication of the 
occurrence of the same species in neighbouring districts of Japan, Loo Choo, 
Corea, Manchuria, Eastern. Himalayas, Assam, North Burma, Mongolia, and 
Siberia. So far as Tibet is concerned, the information at our disposal is at 
present too scanty to allow of definite statements. — Wilson?s researches on the 
* Hayata, “On the Distribution of the Formosan Conifers,” Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, 
vol. xix. 1904, p. 45, 
