MR. G. D. HAVILAND: REVISION OF THE NAUCLEEE. 7 
respect of protection from rain and insects, it will be well to 
remember that the presence of interfloral hairs and sete is of 
use, that the union of the ovaries of the different flowers in a 
solid mass may also prevent rain and insects from getting in 
between them ; and when the flowers are densely crowded, only 
the tips of the calyx-lobes are of use in giving the corolla- 
buds protection. In respect of the danger due to mutual 
compression from overcrowding, it will be well to remember 
that the overcrowding may be lessened by diminishing either 
the size or the number of the flowers and ovaries, or by 
increasing the size of the receptacle or the length of the 
flower-pedicels. Another very constant character is the shortness 
of the filaments and the length of the styles, so that the anthers 
are not in a position corresponding to the stigmas. In bud the 
style is short and the anthers surround the capitate stigma, 
bending over it at the top; the anthers burst before the flower 
opens, and the style when it elongates carries up the stigma 
tipped with pollen to a height of nearly twice the length of the 
corolla-tube, and sometimes more; the pollen thus carried on 
the stigma is in the very best position to be effective in the ferti- 
lization of other flowers when dusted on to insects. The stigma 
probably ripens later. The most variable character of the Tribe 
is that of the superior portion ofthe calyx and the ealyx-lobes— 
the majority of species could be determined by the character of 
the calyx-lobes alone. 
When the flowers are very densely crowded, the calyx-lobes 
may become filamentous in the lower part between the flowers, 
but so thickened at the tips as to press against one another, and 
thus form a complete outer shell to the flower-heads in bud: 
when the time comes for the corollas to open, they cannot sepa- 
rate the crowded tips of the calyx-lobes; for a time the calyx- 
lobes lengthen with the corolla, but eventually they break off at 
the thinnest part, generally near the base. In such flowers the 
anthers are usually within the corolla-tube, whilst in the other 
species the anthers are seated in the mouth of the corolla-tube 
and project beyondit. Generally the connective is apiculate at the 
tip; and especially is this so when the corolla in bud is pressed 
upon by the tips of the calyx-lobes. At the base the anther-cells 
generally diverge and are sometimes setose. The filaments are 
always shorter than the authers. 
The corolla-lobes are always imbricate excepting in the genus 
