202 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK ON 
On Buds and Stipules/—Parts IIT. & IV. By the Rt. Hon. 
Sir Joun Lvnndéx, Bart, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. 
F.LS., &c. 
[Read 18th March and 17th June, 1897.] 
(PrATES 12-15.) 
Ix continuation of the observations which the Society has done 
me the honour to publish (Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. vol. xxx. 
pp. 463-532), I submit now some further observations on the 
same subject. 
The stipules, or small leaflets, which occur at the base of many 
leaves serve for various purposes. The most usual is to protect 
the leaves while in the bud—sometimes their own leaf, but asa 
rule the vounger one. In some cases, however, they themselves 
perform the function of leaves, which indeed, in a few cases, they 
entirely replace. In others they serve to hold water; in some 
they develop into spines; in some into tendrils; in others they 
become glandular. 
In the present paper many special cases are described, and 
where stipules are absent, the other arrangements for bud- 
protection are referred to. 
Special attention is directed to the construction of the winter- 
buds of our commoner shrubs and trees. 
These present curious differences—even in some cases between 
nearly allied species. In the Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum 
Lantana) the young leaves are uncovered, but protected by? 
dense covering of hairs. In V. Opulus the bud is protected by 
scales, representing modified leaves. In the Ash and Thorn the 
outer scales of the bud consist of expanded petioles. In the 
Willow the outer scales consist of leaves, in the Poplars 9 
stipules. In the Oak and Beech each scale is a stipule; in the 
Elm and Spanish Chestnut each scale represents a pA E 
connate stipules. 
The buds of the Oak and Beech are described in detail In 
the Beech the outer scales of the bud consist of about 11 pairs ° 
stipules. The twelfth is the first pair which has à leaf. The 
subsequent growth takes place between the leaves, but the p 
of the shoot between the stipules scarcely elongates at 
The consequence is that the seat of each winter-bud is indica 
by a series of rings, which remain visible for many years E 
indicate each year's growth. 
