BUDS AND STIPULES. 241 
also of the lateral spurs or short twiglets covered with a conical, 
ribbed, glabrous, red cap, consisting of stipules that are connate 
to the very apex; the latter is slightly lateral and all the ribs or 
veins terminate there. 
Fig. 58. Inside the first comes a second cap, thinly hairy, 
dotted with dark glands and completely covered with a viscid, 
resinous secretion, the veins terminate at the apex. 
Fig. 59. The third cap is also entire, but densely covered with 
glossy rich brown hairs ; the latter have 3-6 very short, spreading 
branches at the very base, and consist of 2-6 joints, resembling 
a bamboo or fishing-rod, the joints becoming more slender 
towards the apex. The cap secretes a resinous substance which 
affords an additional protection. 
Fig. 60. The fourth cap is shorter, widely open at the apex, 
aud provided with an ovate leaf at its base externally ; both cap 
and leaf covered with brown hairs. 
Fig. 61. The fifth, sixth (fig. 62), seventh, and eighth, more or 
fewer, show a leaf with the free portion of the stipules forming 
nan and the connate portion forming a short cylindrical 
Sheath, 
Inside the above in all the large buds comes a spike of heads 
or clusters of fruits, the heads so arranged as to form a conical 
mass inside of the various caps and short cylinders formed by the 
stipules, 
The mode of development of the woody fibres has been well de- 
ribed by Colomb (Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. VIII. vi. 1887, p. 56). 
CUPULIFER#. 
Alnus glutinosa, Medic.—The winter-buds of the common 
» are protected by stipules, the outer of whieh are more or 
ardened or coriaceous and brown. The terminal bud is 
a lly protected by two of these hardened scales, about equal 
outer, I he lateral buds (fig. 63) are generally protected by an 
and sony ° (ig. 64) ? which covers about three-fourths of the pud, 
the fallen | to consist of two stipules, inserted right and left o 
etween th of the main axis, and connate by the edges lying 
scales to th bud and the axis. Sometimes there are two outer 
Scales som i lateral buds, particularly the shorter ones. These 
of the bud. es become emarginate or bifid during the expansion 
Tupture ; and here again the shorter ones are most liable to 
denticul e outer scales of the long buds are more or less 
ate at the apex, but seldom become fissured, as they offer 
