ON THE WOOD OF INDIAN SPECIES OF PINUS. 451 
The Strueture of the Wood of East Indian Spe cies of Pinus. 
By Percy Groba. M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., and W. RUSHTON, A.R.C.8., D.LC. 
(PLATES 24 & 25.) 
[Read Ist Мау, 1911) 
L 
In India there are five native species of Pinus, whose names and distribution 
are :— 
1. Pinus excensa, Wall, A five-needled species with the vascular bundle 
single (haploxylic) in the leaf, a deciduous sheath of scales on the dwarf- 
shoot, and a terminal umbo on the cone-scale. It is definitely temperate and 
non-xerophilous in distribution, as it grows in the Western Himalayas at 
altitudes between 6,000 and 12,000 feet. 
Pinus Gerarpiana, Wall. A three-needled species, haploxylie, with 
a deciduous leaf-sheath, and a central umbo on the cone-scale, It is definitely 
verophilous in distribution, as it occurs in dry parts of the Western Himalayas, 
sometimes on dry, rocky slopes, and extends into Afghanistan ; its range of 
altitude is from 5,000 to 11,000 fect. 
The remaining three species have diploxylic needles ; their leaf-sheaths are 
not deciduous ; their cone-seales have a central umbo each. 
3. PINUS LONGIFOLIA, Rov), This three-needled species lives largely in 
sub-tropical or even tropical climates, and is at least often xerophilous 
in habitat. In the drier Western Himalayas it ranges from 1,500 to 
1,500 feet ; while in the moister Eastern Himalayas, for instance in Sikkim, 
it oceupies dry southern slopes at altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 feet. 
Webber describes the tree as sometimes growing on rocks in hot and dry 
woodlands. 
4, Pinus Knasva, Royle. This three-needled species is more Eastern in 
distribution and oceurs in the Khasia and Naga Hills, also in Burma, at 
altitudes varying from 2,500 to 7,000 feet. According to J. D. Hooker it is 
not found in the wettest regions of the Khasia Hills where the annual rainfall 
may reach 600 inches. He describes the species as occurring in less wet 
places, for instance at an altitude of 6,000 feet on “moors” whose flora is 
distinctly temperate (* Himalayan Journals’). In Burma it occurs in dry hill- 
forests, according to Kurz. In the absence of adequate statistics as to soil 
and climate one surmises that this species can grow in habitats of con- 
siderable variety, in moist or moderately dry places in a temperate or 
subtropical, or perhaps even tropical climate. 
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XLI. 2M 
