194 DR. S. O. LINDBERG ON ZOOPSIS. 
ibi a 81"), especially the latter organ; so that the cellular 
cover of the central cell with its style and stigma, together with 
all the other sterile pistillidia, will be raised up; and the young 
fruit is now completely enclosed in a fig-like obconical pouch, 
bearing on its top the pistillidia with the empty one belonging to 
the young fruit (the fertilized out-growing central cell). When 
the fruit is mature, the seta grows out and pushes* it up from 
the rachideal pouch, and thus elevates the roof covering the top 
of the fruit in the form of a disk, bearing the pistillidia and para- 
physes on its upper side, and being very fugacious. This form, 
of cover for the fruit is, in the ‘Synopsis Hepaticarum,’ called * ca- 
lyptra cum perianthio,’ vel “involucro” vel “toro concreta," vel 
* connata ;" but it is easily seen that it is quite of a different 
nature from the usual one ; this, namely, belongs to the pistillidium 
itself; the former, on the contrary, is a part of the rachis (thala- 
mus, receptaculum, axis or stem). In very many of the Junger- 
manniacee we see the same calyptra thalamomitriea, as in Lepi- 
dolena, Schistochila, &c. For the most part, the colesula is also 
wanting in them, being of no use when the fruit is sufficiently 
sheltered without it. But in Schistochila Neesii (according to 
‘Syn. Hep.’ p. 16) and Lepidolena magalhanica we find a sort of 
colesula (?); but I think that it must rather be an organ formed 
by two connate true bracts (i. e. involucrum gamophyllum), 28 
the uppermost amphigastrium is situated within (!) it. To decide 
this question, we must examine some very young perichetia: if 
this organ exists before the $, then it is an involucrum; but if it 
grows out later, after the 9, then it is a colesula. 
I opine that we have among the Jungermanniaceg two parallel 
series, one with calyptra thalamomitriea, and the other with c. gy- 
nomitriea. Andintruth not a few of the genera t of the two series 
* Tn a letter dated Dec. 29, 1871, Professor J. de Notaris says :— J'ai fait 
la remarque que l'allongement du pédoncule de plusieurs J ungermanniacées est 
presque instantané(!), à peu prés comme le pédoncule de PAallus et deTulostoma.” 
-+ In Calypogeia ericetorum, Radd. (Gongylanthus, N.-Es.), the colesula 18 
truly terminal (!), though it seems to be lateral by means of an innovation ; 
once I found such an organ terminal in the dichotomia of two very nearly oppo 
site innovations. This Liverwort has also no amphigastrium from the axil of 
which the perichetium can grow out. It belongs thus to the Jungermanniaceé 
gynomitriee acrogyne saccifere, and is allied to Acrobolbus (Gymnanthe, 
Tayl.), not to Kantia trichomanis (L.), Benn., haud Gray! who seems not to 
be the author of the Hepatice in the * Arrangement of British Plants,’ as Dr. 
Carrington writes in a letter of Oct. 31, 1871:—* By the by, I had an inter- 
