198 DR. S. O. LINDBERG ON ZOOPSIS. 
four, as in some Jung. frondose, or more irregular, only in a few 
Marchantiacee circumscissile, with a lid ; or the fruit is an inde- 
hiscent nut-like theca (Ricciee and Spherocarpee); only in An- 
thocerotacee do we find a columella and stomata on the outside 
of the valves. The spores are mingled with elaters, and their 
cuticula more highly developed than in Bryinee, being often co- 
vered by beautiful ridges, tubercles, prickles, &c., especially in the 
frondose forms. -Antheridia are situated in flat heads formed of 
the receptacle, in which they are completely immersed, or in rows 
along the median line of the frond, or in long spikes, or in the 
axils of the female bracts (inflor. paroica); they vary from cylin- 
dric-oblong to quite globular, often long-stipitate, and mostly 
without paraphyses, which, when they are present, are very often 
broad and leaf-like. 
In fact the Liverworts seem in their relation to the Mosses to 
remind us a little of the Dicotyledonous plants in their relation 
to Monocotyledonee, because they grow chiefly in countries be- 
tween the tropics, they form no moss-meadows, they are succu- 
lent and fragile and contain ethereal oils * and several (yellow) 
colouring-matters, their organs are very polymorphous as to 
form and development, they are, with respect to the stem and 
leaves, normally formed or frondose, and embrace both the highest 
(Marchantia) and the lowest (Riccia, Spherocarpus, Notothylas) 
of all Muscinee; their leaves are not unfrequently opposite and 
connate. Some ofthe frondose species, as Aneuræ, approach in 
habit, form, and structure a little to Podostemacee, one of the 
lowest orders among Dicotyledonee. 
The first and best-developed family of Hepatice is, I think 
Marchantiacee, with its highest type M. polymorpha. They all pos- 
sess two different forms of root-cells, of which the one kind with 
clavulate incrassations f is in them very characteristic. The 
stem is peculiarly constructed of large and numerous air-cavities, 
with stomata in the roof and containing copious ramified Opuntia- 
like cell-series from their bottom. The leaves are of many different 
kinds, namely :—true vegetative leaves and amphigastria on the 
* These ethereal oils are deposited in the peculiar bodies called by Germans 
Zellenblischen, In Porella levigata I have, by distillation with pure water, 
isolated the ethereal oil, here a stearoptene near to camphor. 
T These singular cells are called root-cells ; but they are'present also on the 
common peduncle and on the receptacle of the carpocephalum. Ido not under- 
stand their physiological function, though with roots they have, I think, nothing 
to do, 
