DR. S. O. LINDBERG ON ZOOPSIS. 199 
underside of the flattened frondose stem, for the most part of 
deep purple colour, in some others more hyaline at the insertion 
of the common peduncle to the frond and at the upper attach- 
ment of the same to the receptacle; the genus Marchantia has 
moreover on the underside of the infructescence several large ga- 
mophyllous involuera, each of which surrounds several pistillidia, 
which are all covered by their own colesula. They are also fur- 
nished with the best-developed spores, showing ridges &c. in their 
cuticula, and elaters, sometimes exhibiting five spiral threads. 
- Their male organs are the longest of all and immersed in peculiar 
disks, like the flattened heads of some Dorstenie, and sometimes 
stipitate as the female compound inflorescence. Some of them, 
as M. polymorpha, are adorned by spiral cells of no less than four 
different kinds—the already described cells with clavate incrassa- 
tions, reticulate cells in the frond, and in the theca both annular 
and true spiral cells. Nearest to them come the Jungerman- 
macee frondose, by their pretty distinct transition in germina- 
tion, leaves, andreecium (Aneura, confer Targionia) and habit to 
Marchantiacee, as also by their sometimes beautiful and distinct 
fibro-vascular fascicle and highly organized spores (Pellia). Of 
them all, Pallavacinia may stand as the first genus, on account of 
its gamophyllous involucre and colesula being both present at the 
same time.  Lepidelenais to be placed in the front of Jung. foliose 
thalamomitriee, as also Frullania of J. fol. gynomitriee, according 
to their particularly well-developed leaves and amphigastria. A 
proper section of Jungermaniacee is Spherocarpee, composed of 
the genus Spherocarpus, which in habit and structure of frond ap- 
proaches to Notothylas in the following family. Anthocerotacee 
must, I think, be placed at the end of Hepatice, because their 
Sogonium (embryo-sac, central cell) is naked, and their frond and 
elaters show a very low grade of development, although they pos- 
Sess a columella and stomata on the outside of the theca, which 
two organs are very characteristic, and are vainly to be searched 
for in the other families of Liverworts. 
The Mosses are superior to the Hepatice only in regard to the 
more composite structure of their theca and the presence of a 
herve in their leaf ; but in all other respects they seem to be in- 
inferior, 
From a spore originate several young plants. The protonema 
is long and densely branched, and is always composed of single 
rows of cells ; but in Georgia pellucida there grow out from these 
