DR. S. O. LINDBERG ON ZOOPSIS. 201 
ventral lobe. Not unfrequently the leaf is composed of several 
layers of cells, especially the nerye, which is always constructed of 
more than one layer. The bracts agree perfectly with the leaves 
in their common characters; and we never find a trace of an invo- 
lucre or a colesula. The pistillidia are situated in heads (not 
Stowers!) on the top of the stem or in vegetative axils, surrounded 
by bracts, and in most also by paraphyses, which only in Sphag- 
nacec are branched, but in all are constructed of single cell-rows. 
The calyptra of the fruit is always generated from the enlarged 
cellular cover around the central cell, which by the augmentation 
of the young fruit is torn off from its lowest part, the latter without 
any limit passing into the receptacle of the inflorescence, and now 
with it forming the vaginula ; this veil always covers the top of 
the seta (i. e. the increasing young fruit), which seta ripens from 
below earlier than the theca. This latter is a capsula circumscissa 
valvulis dehiscens vel clausa, usually with a ring and a double ora 
single row of teeth in the orifice, and passesses in its lower part 
numerous stomata *, superficial or immersed. In the axis of the 
theca we find a columella at the top coherent to the lid, except in 
Sphagnacee which have the sporal sac lying over the columella 
and separating this central pillar from the operculum. The spores 
are always composed of only a single cell, and in most smooth, 
seldom covered by small tubercles or prickles, and never mingled 
With any elaters. The antheridia are nearly always elongate ; but 
in Buzbaumia and Sphagnum they are globular and surrounded by 
paraphyses; they are also situated in heads on the top or in the 
vegetative axils of the stem, sometimes in the axils of the female 
bracts, or mixed with the pistillidia in the same perichetium (i- 
Jlorescentia synoica). 
The Mosses grow most abundantly in the temperate aud colder 
regions of the world, where they often form extensive moss-mea- 
dows; they are more or less rigid and tenacious, and contain no 
ethereal oils, and seldom a trace of colouring-matters; they are 
much more uniform than the Liverworts and never frondose f; 
their leaves are never opposite or connate. Both in these cha- 
racters and in habit, rigidity, &e., they remind us of some monocoty- 
* But in Sphagna and Mnium Maximoviczii, Lindb., a new and most inter- 
esting species from Japan, the stomata are spread out over the whole surface of 
the theca, 
t Only in Andreea the first roots are sometimes flattened and frondose, if 
we may be allowed to use this term here. 
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XIII. P 
