YALUE OF CHARACTERS. 361 
as to be difficult to observe, besides that they have been neglected 
or carelessly overlooked in the characters given by authors to 
various genera, which have therefore been placed in wrong tribes. 
In all these doubtful cases there are characters derived from the 
style and other organs ready to be called in aid. 
Helianthoidese (nearly 1100 species in 140 genera) vary in their 
anthers as in their styles. Like the Vernoniacex, the base of the 
anthers passes from fig. 2 to fig. 7, but never beyond that ; they are 
usually sagittate with obtuse, acute, or more or less pointed-acu- 
minate auricles, but not properly speaking tailed, although they 
are on some occasions so described by Grisebach and some others. 
They are often also as obtusely truncate at the base as the Eupa- 
toriacese. 
Helenioidez (nearly 300 species in 60 genera) are, in respect of 
anther-bases, like Helianthoidez, but with less variation, ranging 
from fig. 2 to fig. 5, rarely if ever passing into figs. 6 or 7. 
Anthemides (about 650 species in 41 genera) appear to be 
always quite tailless, and show more frequently fig.2 than figs. 3, 
4, or 5, and never, as far as I am aware, go beyond that. 
Senecionide (about 1350 species in 42 genera) have again the 
range of Helianthoides in their anther-bases, which are almost 
always sagittate from fig. 3 to fig. 5, rarely truneate as in fig. 2, 
or shortly pointed as in figs. 6 or 7, never, properly speaking, 
tailed as in figs. 8 to 10; but, as in the case of Helianthoidee, 
some of them are occasionally described as tailed. 
Calendulacee, the smallest of all the tribes (not quite 120 species 
in 8 genera), isless definite than any in respect of the anther-tails, 
which are more or less decided from fig. 6 to fig. 8, rarely so 
obsolete as to show figs. 4 or 5, nor yet so prominent or fringed 
as to represent figs. 9 or 10. 
Arctotidez (about 250 species in 16 genera), usually connected 
with Cynaroidee on account of their styles, but more nearly 
allied to Anthemidez in their involueres and flowers, show an 
approach to the latter tribe in their anther-bases, which are 
never more tailed than in figs. 6 and 7, and usually ranging from 
figs. 2 to 5. 
Cynaroidez (nearly 900 species in 36 genera) belong essentially 
to the tailed-anthered division. Their tails are usually long and 
fringed, as in figs. 9 and 10, or dilated as in fig. 11; but there are 
exceptions. In most Serratulas, and in some species of Xeran- 
themum, Centaurea, and a few others, the tails are more and more 
