PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE ORDEB. 379 
somewhat dilated towards the end, rounded at the tip, or truncate 
and penicillate, as in Senecio, but always without terminal appen- 
dages, the stigmatic lines reaching quite, or very nearly, to the 
end. Where the disk-florets are sterile, their styles are almost 
always undivided and strongly papillose or hirsute. The achenes 
are various, usually very small, flat, terete, or angular in the sub- 
tribes with filiform female florets, longer in the radiate subtribes, 
very rarely rather large and black, as in so many Helianthoidee, 
rarely produced into a beak, and never either winged or thick and 
hard or fleshy. The pappus is usually setose with simple or 
plumose setze, but in the subtribe Buphthalmex more frequently 
paleaceous, and in a few genera or species of various subtribes 
reduced to a corona or very scanty or wholly deficient. 
5. Helianthoidee. 
Our Helianthoidez consist chiefly of De Candolle's subtribes 
Melampodinex and Helianthes, and of his subdivisions Euga- 
linsoge: and Madiex, to which we have added the Eclipteze, placed 
by De Candolle under Asteroides on account of a supposed con- 
formity of the style to that of the latter and not of the former 
tribe. But a closer examination has entirely put an end to this 
artificial distinction, and the Ecliptee do not even remain a di- 
stinct group of Helianthoidee. De Candolle's nine genera have 
.to be distributed into different subdivisions. Thus Blainvillea 
eannot be removed from its closely allied Wedelia; Salmea is very 
near Verbesina; Dahlia comes next to Coreopsis, Siegesbeckia to 
Jageria, Sabazia to Gymnolomia; and Cryphiospermum is identical 
with Enhydra. The Helianthoidee thus modified differ from 
Asteroidee in their usually combining opposite leaves, a rigidly 
paleaceous receptacle, and a rigid pappus of few awns or pales. 
All these characters, however, have exceptions, and many minor 
cireumstances must be taken into account in fixing the limits of 
the tribe. 
Helianthoidez are usually rather coarse herbs or shrubs, their 
indumentum generally more or less scabrous or hirsute, or some- 
timessilky with simple hairs, rarely intricately tomentose or woolly. 
The leaves, at least the lower ones, are most frequently opposite 
and entire or toothed ; in some genera the upper ones, and in a few 
the whole of them are alternate; and much divided leaves occur 
in some of the subtribes. The involucral bracts are very often 
biseriate, with a difference between the outer and inner rows, 
