PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE ORDER. 381 
diate scales; in most Galinsoge:x the scales are more numerous 
and often equal, as in Helenioidez», and in a considerable number 
of genera the pappus is entirely wanting; any tendency towards 
the setose pappus of Senecionidee is exceedingly rare, the nearest 
approach to it being in some species of Calea. 
6. Helenioidee. 
Our Helenioidex, as we propose to circumscribe them, may 
perhaps not be so readily admitted as a distinct tribe as most of 
the others ; for the genera we have grouped under that name pass 
respectively into Helianthoidex, from which they differ chiefly in 
the absence of pales to the receptacle, or into Anthemidez, from 
which they are separated by the involucre, habit, and in great 
measure by geographical distribution ; and some species or small 
genera have almost the pappus, as well as other characters, of 
Senecionidew. Yet we believe the tribe to be not unnatural, 
and that in thus uniting the groups of genera it consists of we 
leave the tribes from which they are withdrawn much better 
defined. These groups are De Candolle's division Gaillardiez of 
his subtribe Helenies, his subtribe Tagetinez, the few-flowered 
epaleaceous genera of his Flaveriez, all included by him in his large 
tribe of Senecionidezx, with his Pectidex, taken from Vernoniacee, 
of which, as above observed, they have neither the style nor the 
habit, involucre, or pappus. 
Helenioidez are all herbaceous or very shortly shrubby at the 
base, with the exception of the somewhat anomalous small genus 
Cacosmia. They are not so coarse nor so roughly hirsute as the 
majority of Helianthoidee, often glabrous ; the indumentum, when 
present, is usually eottony or soft, sometimes glandular or viscid. 
The leaves are often opposite, but in some genera even the lower 
ones are alternate, and vary from entire or toothed to the divided 
form so prevalent in Anthemidew. The involucral bracts are 
generally either in about two rows and more or less herbaceous, 
as in Helianthoidez, but usually thinner, or in a single row with 
or without a calyculus, as in most Senecionidee ; but in a very few 
genera they are imbricate in several rows, or approach those of An- 
themidez, with the inner ones scarious. The capitula are heteroga- 
mous in most genera, with a single row of female or rarely neutral 
florets in the circumference ; the disk-florets fertile or rarely sterile, 
homogamous in some genera by the absence of the female florets, 
The receptacle is uniformly naked or slightly pitted, except in Gail- 
