PRIMARY DIVISIONS ON THE ORDER. 385 
and soft, simple or rarely plumose, in a few small genera rigid, in 
a very few small genera or species of larger ones deficient on the 
achenes of the ray, and in Gamolepis on all the achenes. 
9. Calendulacee. 
Our small tribe of Calendulacee consists of De Candolle's 
subtribes Calendulee and Osteosperme:e, which he classes under 
Cynaroidew, but which we consider much more closely con- 
nected with Senecionidesm. They have the style of the latter 
tribe, and differ from it chiefly in their involucre, the constant 
deficiency of pappus, and usually by the forms assumed by 
the ripe achenes of the outer, or of the next to the outer, row 
of florets. 
Calendulacez are herbs or small shrubs, usually much branched 
or spreading from the base ; the leaves are alternate or very rarely 
opposite, entire or toothed or lobed, very rarely much divided. The 
involucral bracts are usually narrow, more open than in Senecio- 
nidez, in one, two, or rarely three rows, herbaceous or membra- 
nous, often with scarious margins. The capitula are heteroga- 
mous, with the female florets in a single row, either fertile or 
sterile; the central disk-florets almost always, and sometimes the 
whole of them, sterile; the outer row of disk-florets often the 
most perfect of the capitulum. The receptacle is naked, or rarely 
bears a few setze amongst the florets. "The corollas of the female 
florets are ligulate, with a trimerous spreading or sometimes re- 
duced lamina, entire or toothed; the two inner lobes entirely 
deficient; the disk-florets regular and usually with five short lobes 
or teeth, usually yellow. The corollas of the ray homochromous. 
The anthers have the normal terminal appendage, and are sagit- 
tate at the base, with acute, or rarely obtuse, auricles, often pro- 
duced into small points, which might be regarded as short tails. 
The styles of the disk-florets, when these are fertile, have their 
branches usually truncate and penicillate at the tips, as in Sene- 
cionidez ; in the sterile florets the style is often undivided, as in 
many other tribes. The fertile achenes, or at least the outer 
row, often acquire an unusual development and various irregular 
shapes, much curved or arched or winged, or sometimes thick and 
hard, and they have never any pappus. 
10. Arctotidee. 
Our tribe of Arctotidex comprises, first, the subtribes Arctoter 
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