PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE ORDER. 389 
in Senecionidem. The capitula are homogamous, heterogamous, 
or sometimes dicecious ; when heterogamous, often more or less * 
radiate, but not always in the contrasted manner of the preceding 
tribes, the corollas being gradually modified or enlarged from the 
centre to the circumference, as in some Cichoriaceze, or the ray- 
florets are irregular or 4-5-merous. The receptacle is naked or 
shortly alveolate or fimbrilliferous, not rigidly setose as in 
Cynaroidez, but in a few small genera bearing simple pale 
subtending the florets. The corollas exhibit every variation of 
the 5-merous limb, regular, bilabiate in various proportions, 
or expanded into a ligula, in a very few exceptional species 
becoming trimerous by the suppression of the inner lobes. The 
colour is very various; but the capitula appear to be always 
homochromous. The anthers have the normal terminal ap- 
pendage ; and the basal auricles have conspicuous, usually fringed, 
appendages or tails, except in two genera, where there is no trace 
of them. The style-branches when long are nearly those of 
Inuloides ; but they are more frequently short or erect and con- 
nivent, or very shortly spreading at the tips, usually obtuse or 
truncate, always without terminal appendages, and papillose 
outside or penicillate at the tip in a few genera. The achenes 
vary much in form; their pappus is usually setose, simple or 
plumose, or formed of narrow pales, very rarely deficient. 
13. Cichoriacee. 
The Cichoriacez remain within the same definite limits ori- 
ginally assigned to them by Jussieu; they are at once known 
by their homogamous capitula, with the corallas all expanded into 
a 5-merous, truncate, 5-toothed ligula; and the only approach to 
them is traceable in the Vernoniaceous genus Stokesia, or in the 
Mutisiaceous genus Catamizis. 
Cichoriacez are usually herbs, very rarely growing into shrubs 
or small trees, and are as rarely thistle-like and prickly. The 
leaves are always alternate or radical, entire or toothed or pinnati- 
fid, rarely much divided. The involucral bracts are imbricate in 
several rows, or equal in a single row, with or without external 
smaller ones, and are usually membranous or herbaceous, rarely 
scarious or rigid and prickly. The capitula are always homoga- 
mous, the outer row of florets sometimes rather longer, forming a 
sort of ray. The receptacle is naked, or in a few genera bears 
pale: or sete subtending the florets. The corollas are uniformly 
