DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES. ALL 
both these outlying species being identical with, or closely allied 
to, genuine North-American ones. The other genera (excepting 
5 to be presently mentioned) range from California to Chili and 
Patagonia, with a North-American and chiefly western preponder- 
ance, and in South America scarcely extending eastward of the 
great mountain-chain until the continent narrows in the extreme 
south. Not one of the group is to be met with in tropical Brazil, 
Guiana, or the West Indies ; not one, besides Solidago virga aurea, 
in Europe, Asia, Northern or Tropieal Africa, or in Australia. 
The 5 excepted genera comprise 58 South-African species. Of 
these, 2 continental genera, Pteronia with 51 and Fresenia with 
3 species, are rayless ; and one might therefore at first suspect 
that they may not be correctly associated with a group so different 
geographically. But the involucre and general aspect are much 
nearer those of many homochromous than of any heterochromous 
genera (excepting in respect of the shrubby character so fre- 
quently assumed in the region by most Asteroid genera); and 
there is one monotypic continental genus, Homochroma, and two 
Mascarene ones, Glycideras of one and Rochonia of two species, 
in which the ray is, according to all accounts, homochromous and 
yellow. Moreover the geographical connexion between South 
Africa, extratropical South America, and the Mexican region is 
not so anomalous as would at first appear. I shall have to quote 
instances of it under the general head of extratropical southern 
connexions between America and the Old World. 
With regard to the distribution of the American genera within 
the general limits assigned to the group, Solidago, including its 
offset Brachycheta, with about 80 species, has, as I have already 
mentioned, only one immediate southern representative. The 
large shrubby Bigelowie, which might make a good genus of 
4 species, are exclusively Andine. The remaining Bigelowie, 
16 species, Haplopappus, about 60 species, Grindelia and Guttier - 
rezia, about 20 species each, range from Chili to California, but 
all with more diversified, as well as more numerous, forms in the 
north than in the south. Hysterionica, 5 species, may be consi- 
dered the southern representative of the northern Chrysopsis, 21 
species; Nardophyllum and Lepidophyllum, each of 5 or 6 species, re- 
presenting the northern Ericameria of 4 species, are the only ones 
which show any southern preponderance. Xanthocephalum, with 7 
Mexican species, has one in the Andes of Columbia. Hetero- 
theca, 5 species, Pentacheta, 2 species, and the monotypie genera 
