DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES. 469 
whole, Jurinea differs from Saussurea chiefly in the multiseriate 
pappus. It is less mountainous than that genus, and more Medi- 
terranean in its character; it does not extend to the Arctic regions 
or to America, although abundant in Asia. The monotypic 
Goniocaulon, from East India, and Berardia, also monotypic, 
from the western extremity of the Alps, though distant from each 
other, are very near to different sections of Jurinea. Warionia, 
from the Sahara of Africa, and therefore from the extreme limits 
of the Cynaroid-area, is a very distinct form, although still 
referable to the Jurinea group. 
Of the Carduinz proper, or true Thistles, with the leaves and 
involucres usually prickly, the filaments hairy or monadelphous, 
the areola or scar of the achenes basal, and the pappus-sete in 
several rows, Cnicus, above 150 species, is the largest as well as 
the widest-spread genus. Like Centaurea it is diffused over the 
whole of the Mediterranean region, Europe, and extratropical 
Asia, from the Canary Islands to Japan, and extends also into 
North America and down the western mountain-range to the 
tropics, but scarcely beyond; and two or three species are readily 
carried with cultivation into the tropics and beyond them. Like 
other large Cynaroid genera it has been divided; but none of the 
genera proposed to be dismembered from it among the great mass 
of Old-World species have any natural structural character or 
special geographical range. In America, however, it appears to 
have been very early established in the Mexican region, and there 
to have diverged more or less into a special group with large 
beads and peculiar, often highly coloured, involucres, culminating 
in the Erythrolena of Don, which, however, is too closely connected 
through a long series of intermediates with some of the Old- World 
forms to be maintained as a genus. The whole genus Cnicus is 
often merged in Carduus, the two differing only in the pappus, 
plumose in the one, simply setose in the other, and naturally 
forming but one group. The geographical range would not be 
materially affected by the union, except that Carduus in the 
limited sense, with between thirty and forty species, has a much 
more restricted area than that of Cnicus, being unknown in 
America. 
Onopordon, twelve species, Cynara, six, Silybum, one, Galactites, 
two, and Tyrimnus, one species, are all forms very slightly diverging 
from Carduus and Cnicus; and all belong to the Mediterranean 
region taken in a wide sense, Cynara extending to the Canary 
