DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES. 471 
region and Levant. In habit, achenes, and pappus they show 
some approach to Catananche in Cichoriacee ; in involucre a dis- 
tant resemblance, but no affinity, to Helichrysee ; their external 
female or neutral florets tend towards the bilabiate form of Mu- 
tisiaceee ; but their main characters are so essentially those of 
Cynaroidex, that they cannot be really considered much in the 
light of connecting links with either of the above outlying tribes. 
Amphoricarpus is a monotypic Dalmatian genus, with which I 
am not sufficiently acquainted to form any opinion on its sup- 
posed relationship to Xeranthemum. 
Echinops, including the small almost monotypic genus or sec- 
tion Acantholepis, forms an exceedingly distinct group of nearly 
seventy species, ranging over the Mediterranean region, the 
Levant, and Central Asia, which, in the numerous uniflorous 
capitula collected in dense globular clusters or compound heads, 
have the same relation to the true Cynaroides that the Gun- 
deliex have to the Arctotidee. To a certain degree also there 
is here some approach of the two tribes to each other; but the 
gap is still wide. On the other hand, Cardopatum, of two spe- 
cies (one from Algeria, the other from the Levant, and therefore 
from the same region), may be said to form a connecting link 
between Echinops and Carlina. 
12. Mutisiacee. 
The Mutisiacez are varied in form and widely scattered in geo- 
graphical position. About 450 species are contained in 50 genera, 
the chief centre of which is far distant from that of the tribes 
they are most nearly connected with, although there is some over- 
lapping of their respective areas. They are most nearly allied 
in structure, though most opposed geographically, to Cynaroi- 
dex; some genera (Gochnatiex) have almost the characters of 
that tribe; and there is scarcely a very definite line between the 
same Gochnatiee and Inuloidee (Euinulez), whilst there are 
some genera also which (with Stokesia in Vernoniaces) exhibit 
the nearest approach in the order, though still but a distant one, 
to Cichoriacee. The chief centre of Mutisiacez may be said to 
be Western, and especially South-western, America, where Cyna- 
roidez are not represented by any endemic genus and are very 
slightly so by a few outlying species of large European genera, 
where Euinulee are unknown and Cichoriacee few; whilst 
the Mediterranean region, the great centre of Cynaroidew 
