572 
MR. G. BENTHAM ON COMPOSITE. 
Species. 
Where established. 
Qualifications. 
b. of European origin. 
Carbenia benedieta ......... 
Lapsana communis ......... 
Arnoseris pusilla ............ 
Pieris hieracioides ......... 
himium soe esas ds 
Hypocheeris glabra 
Fadicala ee 
Taraxacum dens-leonis ... 
Sonchus oleraceus 
e... o...» 
North America, South 
Africa, Chili. 
North America. 
Tasmania. 
Most temperate regions. 
North America. 
Australia. 
Most temperate regions. 
...| Australia. 
Most temperate regions. 
Most temperate and sub- 
tropical regions. 
Vitality of seed? 
Abundance of seed. 
” 
Pappus. 
Pappus; persistent root. 
Pappus. 
arvensis »..............| North America, » 
Lactuca saligna............... Australia. » 
Urospermum pieroides ...| South Africa. » 
c. of South- African origin. 
Helichrysum foetidum...... Atlantic Islands, West pe 
France. 
Cotula coronopifolia ...... Various temperate re- | Maritime station. 
ons. 
Osteospermum monili- se Helena. Vitality of seed ? 
ferum. 
Cryptostemma calendu- | Australia (South-west Eu- 
eum. rope ?) 
Tripteris clandestina ...... Australia. 
To the above list might perhaps be added from the species 
common to the New and the Old World, Table 4, Sparganophorus, 
Elephantopus, Adenostemma, Ageratum, Epaltes, Ambrosia, Sieges- 
beckia, Eclipta, all probably colonists in the Old World from 
America, although perhaps previous to and independent of human 
traffic. We should then have about sixty Composite weeds carried 
by various causes, including the unintentional agency of man, to 
distant lands, and there naturalized, about 2 per cent. of 
the total number of known Composite. It would be interesting 
to ascertain what are the special qualifications and properties 
which have enabled these few alone to profit by facilities whieh 
would seem to have been equally offered to a large proportion of 
the 993 per cent. which have remained within their own areas, or 
have only spread gradually and continuously. These qualifications 
or properties can, however, in many instances be but conjectural, 
and require much experimental investigation ; and it may, more- 
over, in each case require a combination of many and varied 
peculiarities to ensure success. 
First, as to means of transport. In the case of Composite a 
