FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 279 
and the latter being small plants confined to the highest 
mountains. 
Here also we have such temperate or sub-temperate genera as 
the following, those marked with an asterisk being quite confined 
to the Central Region: — Linum *, Pelargonium*, Lebeckia, 
Argyrolobium *, Genista *, Alchemilla, Crassula, Kitehingia *, 
Cotyledon*, Epilobium, Telephium*, Hydrocotyle, Pimpinella, 
Anthospermum *, Helichrysum, Stebe*, Cineraria *, Hieracium, 
Lactuca, Wahlenbergia, Vaccinium, Agauria, Philippia, Cyno- 
glossum *, Halleria, Harveya*, Streptocarpus, Micromeria*, 
Selago*, Salvia*, Stachys *, Ajuga*, Corrigiola *, Chenopodium, 
Rumex, Aristea *, Geissorhiza *, Kniphofia*, Oæsia *, Scirpus, 
Carex, and Bromus *. In addition to these may be mentioned 
the following species:—Viola abyssinica *, Geranium simense *, 
Caucalus melanantha*, Drosera ramentacea, Agauria salicifolia, 
Sanicula europea, Hypericum japonicum*, Cotula multifida *, 
Limosella aquatica *, Juncus effusus*, Asplenium Trichomanes, 
and Aspidium aculeatum. 
Viola abyssinica, the only Madagascarian violet, is confined to 
the higher elevations of the Central Region. Geranium simense, 
the only Geranium in the island, exists abundantly in woody 
places. Caucalis melanantha inhabits the more elevated locali- 
ties. Drosera ramentacea occurs everywhere in Central Mada- 
gascar in damp places. Agauria salicifolia inhabits chiefly the 
mountains of the interior, although it slightly invades the 
Eastern Region. Sanicula europea also occurs in the higher 
portions of the island. The common bracken (Pteris aquilina) 
and Lycopodium clavatum occur also in great abundance, the 
former near, and the latter in and about, the forests of the interior. 
The royal fern (Osmunda regalis) and the male fern (Nephrodium 
Filix-Mas) are very plentiful in the Central and the higher por- 
tion of the Eastern Regions. 
Very remarkable is the distribution of the first six of the 
above plants. The Violet occurs, as Mr. Baker has remarked, at 
the height of 10,000 feet in Fernando Po, and 7000 feet in the 
Cameroons in West Afriea, almost under the equator, and m 
the mountains of Abyssinia, as well as in Madagascar from 6000 
feet to the summit of Ankaratra, 8494 feet, the highest point in 
the island. Mr. Thompson has also recently discovered it on the 
mountain of Kilima-njaro. The Geranium has a precisely similar 
range of distribution. Caucalis melanantha occurs m Central 
