404 DR. J. C. COSTERLS ON MALFORMATIONS 
M signifies adhesion of claw and filament in such a mauner that 
they may be distinguished as separate parts. (Pl. LVII. fig. 18.) 
(È) diene that one filament bears an anther and a 
petaloid appendage, irrespectively of the size of the latter. 
(Pl. LVII. figs. 15, 19, and 20.) 
St denotes that the stamen takes the place of both petal and 
stamen, or, in other words, the petal has disappeared. 
These various degrees of modification, of which only the lead- 
ing stages have been described, can only be minutely studied if 
a great number of monstrous flowers are at the disposal of the 
student; still, it is a remarkable circumstance that even in the 
same flower various degrees of modification and adhesion may 
be found together. For the purpose of promoting a readier in- 
sight into these points, and at the same time of giving some 
. idea of the frequency of the variations in question, we give a 
list of flowers of which the variations have been expressed in 
the formule just explained. | 
Previous to this it may be noticed that in the case of petal 
and stamen having become united, the midrib and the filament 
have as a rule joined one another, although in a few cases the 
stamen has joined one of the margins; in the latter case this 
margin bends towards the middle, so that the stamen retains 
its normal position. Next, a petal, though it has grown to- 
gether with the stamen, may have become cup-shaped, as shown 
in fig. 20. In the following list the latter modification has been 
expressly noticed, as well as the fact of the petal being clawed. 
List of various cases of Adhesion of Petals to Antipetalous 
Stamens. 
1. P P P 
St St St 
P P P 
St St St 
3 P P P 
St St St 
P P P* * 
4. P 
St St St St 
to 
