410 DB. J. C. COSTERUS ON MALFORMATIONS 
America. Already in our prefatory remarks we mentioned the 
New-Zealand species Fuchsia procumbens *, cultivated in the nur- 
sery of Messrs. Groenewegen & Co.; other apetalous species are F. 
macrantha, hirsuta, insignis, apetala, membranacea, and salicifolia, 
all from South Americat. It would be interesting to inquire 
whether in the first stage of the flowers of these plants any 
trace of petalline tubercles could be detected, and whether now 
and then by way of reversion well-marked petals occur. 
As to the biological cause (1) of the formation of an additional 
whorl of stamens, (2) of the disappearance of the petals, the rati- 
onale of the former might be the production of a greater quantity 
of pollen. As for the latter change, which regarded in itself must 
be prejudicial to a due pollinization, it should be kept in mind 
that the calyx has size and colour which enable it to suffici- 
ently replace the corolla. Indeed, it is by no means improbable 
that the tendency of the petals to grow smaller is closely con- 
nected with the colouring of the calyx-tube, and that consequently 
the calyx-tube and sepals of Fuchsia were formerly green—a 
supposition which, being the rule in the whole family, is by Sim- 
roth taken for granted on the strength of the flower observed 
by him. 
$3. Deviations in the Stamens. 
As compared with the floral envelopes, the stamens may be 
pronounced to be little liable to aberration. This remark only 
applies to the shape of these organs, modifications in the number 
of the parts of the flower in general being dealt with in a sub- 
sequent section. 
In the first place, we would makea few remarks on the appen- 
dages of anther and filament. In PI. LVII. fig. 22 the anther-cells 
are more or less separated from one another, in consequence of the 
connective having grown out further than usual. This outgrowth 
18 sometimes not unlike a second anther, as shown in fig. 23. 
Cases different from these are represented in fig. 24, where the 
connective is simply elongated and tapering ; a similar confor- 
mation, but on a larger scale, is shown in fig. 25. The stamen 
* Fuchsia procumbens was in 18 
thern New Zealand, and introdu 
Sir J. Hooker, it was also introd 
t In Zsnardia too the petals 
This would seem to imply that 
antipetalous stamen. 
34 diseovered by Rich. Cunningham in Nor- 
ced into England about 1873. According to 
uced earlier, 
are wanting, as also the antipetalous stamens. 
the petals disappeared before they gave off an 
