412 DR. J. €. COSTERUS ON MALFORMATIONS 
We also possess a flower having only one (episepalous) stamen 
with an anther bearing a petaloid appendage on its back (Pl. LX. 
fig. 28 c). 
Next an episepalous stamen, of which the filament on both 
sides was winged in a petaloid way *; this calls to mind No. 5 of 
Masters, but differs from it in having a normal anther at top. 
No less remarkable are the cases of petaloid stamens drawn by 
Frank in his * Krankheiten der Pflanzen, p. 260, fig. 40. 
But it may have already occurred to the reader that anthers 
with a petaloid appendage at the top display a striking similarity 
to the coalescence of a stamen with a reduced petal. This 
resemblance should put us on our guard, and renders it somewhat 
doubtful whether the drawing of Frank just cited and the cases 
under 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Masters are really always stamens, and 
induces a suspicion that sometimes they may stand for a stamen 
to which a reduced petal is adherent, as represented in our figs. 15 
and 19. For this reason it seems advisable, if there is question 
of an antipetalous stamen of Fuchsia being altered, to state ex- 
pressly whether or not the petal behind it is present. So much 
for petalody. 
That the stamens also are liable to pistillody appears from 
a remark of Masters t, where he speaks of a Fuchsia with a folia- 
ceous calyx and normal petals, but of which the stamens were 
transformed into ovaries. The typical inferior ovary, on the 
other hand, was wanting. 
It seems needless to dwell upon staminodes and imperfectly 
developed anthers; they occur repeatedly, especially in incom- 
plete flowers. The frequent eohesion of neighbouring stamens 
we shall leave unnoticed here, since a separate section will be 
devoted to various sorts of coalescence. If in this way two fila- 
ments have grown together, they form a ribbon-like structure 
strongly resembling certain simple filaments which have been 
flattened radially. Filaments of this shape, not infrequently being 
twisted, show accordingly a close resemblance to certain fasciated 
stems. 
$4. Abnormalities in the Calyz. 
Though the calyx is much more radically disturbed than the 
stamens, we have treated the latter organs directly after the 
petals, on aecount of the close relation between them. 
* One wing of this variety may be seen in No. 3203 of the de Vries collection. 
t Veg. Terat., Germ.ed. p. 228. 
