416 DR. J. C. COSTERUS ON MALFORMATIONS 
In the first place, we may mention the cohesion of the sepals 
which usually emerge as free parts from the edge of the tube. 
This cohesion may actually extend from the base up to the top; 
we examined, for iustance, a flower of which the sepals formed 
one whole, so that the flower remained closed and the petals 
could not get at the light. 
In another flower a small hole was visible at the top of the 
flower, too small indeed to afford a way out for the petals, the 
stamens, and the pistil. A cireular cleft between the ovary and 
the calyx-tube justified the inference that there must have been 
a strong strain of the sexual organs on the almost closed calyx. 
Starting from these instances, one may find represented nearly 
all imaginable degrees of cohesion: for instance, three sepals 
almost quite grown together opposite to one, that is isolated ; orin 
another flower the sepals coalesced two and two, in such a 
manner that there seemed to be only two broad sepals, slightly 
incised at the top. But of numerous other instances which came 
under my observation, I mention one more only, in which the 
sepals cohered at their bases up to one-fifth of their length. 
The remaining remarks chiefly refer to appendages of the 
sepals. The most peculiar case relating to these appendages is 
the one observed by Wittmack, who saw “a trimerous calyx of 
a second flower " springing from the upperside of a sepal. 
Again, Masters mentions spurs on the calyx of Fuchsia, while 
we ourselves have at times observed a tooth-shaped appendage 
on one or two of the sepals just under the apex, but also some- 
times on the margin. This appendage was not unlike the small 
teeth on the margin of foliage-leaves. 
In November 1887 several flowers in a greenhouse bore pointed 
and ridge-shaped excrescences on the outer side of the calyx. 
No regularity was to be observed in their position. With this 
kind of aberration may be classed membranaceous ridges on the 
inner side of the sepals, disposed in such a manner as to flank the 
midrib of the sepal. 
From these outgrowths must be distinguished such filiform 
appendages as have been dealt with in § 1, under the name of 
additional parts. Now and then they appear inserted on the 
inner side of the sepals, and may be traced to the calyx-tube. But 
also as regards these parts, it must remain undecided whether 
such a thread is produced by a petal by the process of chorisis, or 
whether it is an additional production from the floral axis. 
