12 MR. G. BEHTHAM OJS T THE 



which Campanulese were developed those genera in which the cap- 

 sular dehiscence is normal in terminal valves, especially Wahlen- 

 bergia. This is now the most widely spread genus, being almost 

 cosmopolitan. It is especially abundant in South Africa, where 

 it passes gradually into the closely allied genera Lightfootia 

 and Microcodon. It does not scorn the tropics, where it has 

 generated the two or three species of the closely allied Cephalo- 

 stigma. In the north, besides one almost cosmopolitan species^ 

 it takes the rather distinct forms of the W. hederacea in Western 

 Europe and the several Edrianthi of the East Mediterranean 

 region. It has spread over Asia, passing into the Chino- Japanese 

 JPlatgcodon ; and one Indo- Australian form has extended south- 

 wards to New Zealand, where is also a peculiar endemic species, 

 more nearly connected, however, with the Asiatic than with any 

 other forms. It has also found its way, with other early races, to 

 some of the distant islands, characteristic shrubby forms being 

 found in Saint Helena and in Juan Fernandez. In America 

 it is only to be met with in the tropics, but very sparingly, and 

 not in any peculiar endemic form. The European Jasione, though 

 a very distinct type, may be considered also as one of the 

 Wahlenbergia group. And diverging from it, but in a different 

 direction and in a greater degree, are the three Himalayan genera 

 Leptocodon, Codonopsis, and Cyananthus. Although the latter 

 genus, on account of its trimerous ovary being superior or nearly 

 so, had been originally referred to Polemoniacese, I cannot see 

 any real affinity with that order. The three genera are closely 

 allied to each other, and appear to me to be the result of a 

 differentiation, diverging from the Wahlenbergia group, which 

 has not gone further, and not the remains of the extinct races 



which had intervened between Campanulacese and any other 

 order. 



Four small genera of Campanuleae, with indehiscent fruits bac- 

 cate or nearly so, are exclusively northern, though not so extra- 

 tropical as most of the others. Canarina, a single Canary-island 

 species, is nearly allied to some of the five East- Asiatic species of 

 Campanumcea ; and these, again, are connected in some measure 

 with the Wahlenbergia group through the above-mentioned Codo- 

 nopsis. But the Himalayan Peracarpa, a single species, and 

 JPentaphragma, from the Malayan archipelago, with three species, 

 are quite isolated, showing no connexion with each other or with 

 any other genus, except the general one with the tribe. The 





