A3 A SPECIFIC CHABACTEB IN LICHENS. 41 



pycnoclada, Del. ; grandis^ Flk. ; tenuis, Flk., and Jappacea, Flk.] 

 I tested about 130 specimens from very different parts of the 

 world, including New Zealand, Falkland and Antarctic Islands, 

 Tasmania, Australia, Iceland, Norway, Arctic and North America, 

 the Scotch Alps (Braemar and Breadalbane), the lower hill-ranges 

 of Scotland (Ochils and Sidlaws), the Scottish Islands (Skye), 

 Ireland, England, AVales, and the Channel Islands (Jersey). 

 This considerable group of forms or conditions of growth of a 

 single species was rendered peculiarly suited for examination by 

 the circumstance that they had been named by one authority in 

 accordance with the nomenclature of a standard monograph, 

 viz, by Mudd, according to his * Monograph of British Cladonise * 

 (18G5), Again, I examined a larger suite of specimens (about 

 250) of the genus Roccella, referable to the types tinctoria,phycop~ 

 sis , audi fuciformis (including Montagnei,pi/ffm(ea,porf€nfosa, and 

 hypomechay or others, which appear to me to be unworthy of 

 separate designations), embracing saxicolous and corticolous, 

 maritime and inland conditions of growth, from the following 

 countries or localities : — I. Africa and its islands, tropical, northern, 

 and southern : Rovuma river, 8 miles from the coast, corticolous ; 

 Angola, Cape of Good Hope, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and 

 Canary Islands. II. Asia: India and its islands ; Bombay, Bur- 

 mah, Ceylon. III. America [South] : Peru. IV. Europe : Eng- 

 land, south coast. Isle of Wight, Channel Islands ; French coast. 

 I made selection of the genera Cladonia and Boccella for full exa- 

 mination in order that I might put the assertions of Ny lander and 

 Leighton to what must be, by their own showing, considered a 

 sufficient test. 



The majority of my testings gave no results worthy of record ; 

 reaction was either absent, obscure, or insignificant. 



The chief reagents employed by Nylander and Leighton, or by 

 myself, were the following, using in their designations the most 

 modern nomenclature, that of the last edition of the ' British 



Pharmacopoeia' (1867) : 



I. lAquor Calcis Chloratce^ or Solution of Chlorinated Lime. 

 This is a solution of the substance known in commerce as " bleach- 

 ing-powder," or " chloride of lime," and to chemists as hypochlo- 

 rite of lime, or hypochlorite of calcium. It consists of, or con- 

 tains, not only hypochlorite of lime, but chloride of calcium and 

 caustic lime, whereof the colorific agent appears to be the hypo-^ 

 chlorous acid or salt. The officinal liquor may be used by the 



