404 DIt. LAUDEB LINDSAY ON THE 



"I 



probably be found to exist a close geueral resemblance of tlieir 

 respective Lichen-iloras. 



ISoYvcay consists mainlv of metainorpliic slates^ geiierrJly largely 

 micaceou?^ associated with granites. In respect of its geological 

 structure and superficial configuration it resembles tlie Grampian 

 and trans- Grampian region of Scotland. Its mountains exceed in 

 height those of Iceland by upwards of 2000 feet,— Skagstolstind, 

 the greatest elevation not only in Is'orway but in Scandinavia, 

 being 8070 feet; while Ora^fa, the highest of the Icelandic Alps, 

 is 5927. The Korwegian, like the Icelandic, Alps are capped with 

 perennial snows, which feed magnificent glaciers. In the month 

 of August (1857) I found Sneehatten and the Haalangenfjeid 

 capped with snow ; and they are said to be always more or less so. 

 In the month of June (1860) there w\as a copious covering of 

 snow on Snsefell, and a scanty mantle on EyafjalJa in Icehnid. 

 But at the same time there was a sli^lit covering: on our own 



O" ^^ ' -*-"o 



Grampians, liills of only 1000 to 1800 feet, and about 8 degi'ees 

 further south; while Sna^fell is 4G00 and Eyafjalla 5G85 feet=^ 

 Norway lies considerably to the south of Iceland, though the 

 Dovrefjeld region is nearly in the same latitude as the Tiiros. 

 But the main cause of the much greater richness of its Lichen- 

 flora is to be found in the abundance of its forests and the variety 

 of its arboreal vegetation. 'Not only the lowland and alpine val- 

 leys, but frequently the Alps themselves (up to at least 3000 feet) 

 are covered by dense forests. On the flanks of the Alps these 

 consist mostly of such trees as Scotch fir, spruce, larch, and birch. 

 In the alpine valleys, the lesser rowan, alder, juniper, willow, and 

 dwarf birch aboundf. And in lowland districts, such as the vici- 

 nity of Christiania, the Oonifercd^ Tietuhcece, and Saltcacece are re- 

 placed by the ash, sycamore, and other more southern trees. The 

 forest-trees, especially in the valleys of the interior, support large 

 quantities of species of such Lichen-genera as Usnea, liamaUna, 

 Alectoria, Flatysma, Parmelia, Phjscia, Lecanora, and Leculea; 

 while certain GrapUdece or other groups or genera also occur 

 which are apparently unknown in Iceland and Paro. In the fir- 



* 7-7^?^, in regard to the physical geography of Iceland, the paper, on the 

 "Eruption of Kotlugjd," already quoted {vide p. 368). Where not otherwise 

 specified, heights of Icelandic mountains are those given in EngUsh feet by 

 Keith Johnston in his * Physical Atlas,' 1848. 



t About Jerkin, juniper, dwarf birch (J?eif[fZa«awa, L.), and willows occur. 



rlv fn fhA i^lifpfln nf the Dovrefield (3000 



The Scotch fir and bh'cli climb ne. 



mountain 



alder* 



