56 DR. TIERNEY AITCHISON ON THE FLORA 
the west by no natural division, but a line drawn from Shapore to 
Tullagung would be tolerably correct. 
The eastern half of the distriet has the Bukrala and Ratian 
ranges of hills running through it, with, as already alluded to, the 
Kharian range, forming the south-eastern boundary. The average 
height of these three ranges of hills may be said to be 1100 feet 
above the sea-level. 
Between the Ratian and Kharian ranges runs the river Jhelum: 
the Kharian range above the town of Jelallpore bends across to 
the river and ends on its bank, but is seemingly carried on in its 
course on the north of the river by the Surafer hills. 
The Bukrala, Ratian, and Kharian hills (the last by means of 
the Surafer) unite to form the Salt Range, which at once rises to 
the height of 2000 feet, some parts averaging 2500 feet, and a few 
points come up to nearly 3000 feet above the sea-level. 
One of the most westerly parts of the Ratian Range, Mount 
Tilla, rises to 3200 feet. This occurs, however, before this range 
joins to form the Salt Range. 
The Salt Range formed from these three ranges of hills takes a 
westerly course towards the Indus river, cutting the western half 
of the Jhelum district into two parts—the portion between the 
hills and river, and the portion to the north of these hills. 
. The portion of the district lying on both sides of the river as 
it passes between the Ratian and Kharian hills consists of well-cul- 
tivated plains, through which pass the Boonah and Bukrala nullas. 
The botany of this part is decidedly that of the cultivated parts of 
the North-west Provinces. In the Kharian, Ratian, and Bukrala 
ranges of hills, of which I shall always hereafter speak as the 
low ranges of hills, there is no cultivation, but they are covered 
by a low jungle of Acacia modesta (stunted), Capparis aphylla, 
Carissa diffusa, Grewia betulifolia, Sageretia Brandrethiana, Gym- 
nosporia spinosa, Ehretia aspera, &c., upon which large droves of 
cattle, sheep, goats, camels, &c., are sent to graze. 
Between the Ratian and Bukrala ranges and the whole of the 
district to the north of the Salt Range and Bukrala hills, the land 
is extensively cut up by ravines and water-courses. The soil is 
very poor, and more or less saline, as shown by the presence of 
Anabasis multiflora, Caroxylon fetidum, and Tamarix. There are 
here no trees but what are cultivated, and these, few in number, 
chiefly consist of Acacia Arabica and Zizyphus Jujuba. As we 
pass westwards, however, near Tullagung, trees are more plentiful 
—some even indigenous, as the Sissoo—and the soil richer, pro- 
ducing fine crops, chiefly of the pulses; indeed the grain of this 
