THEIR FORM AND FUNCTION. 223 
hairs, petiolate. The petiole is semiterete, flattened above, 
dilated, sheathing and connate at the base for 2-23 millim., light 
greenish yeliow, as is the axis, and eovered with gum. 
Thus, then, in the absence of stipules the bases of the leaves 
are connate and sheathing (even when the leaves are petiolate), 
so that stipules are unnecessary. The base of the petiole in Cistus 
corbariensis is very much dilated and unusually stout or thick, 
so that the axial bud is well protected, although both sheath and 
stipules are absent. 
I will now proceed to remark on some of the other families 
which are most interesting from this point of view. 
MAGNOLIACER. 
Among the Magnoliaceæ stipules are present in Magnolia, 
Liriodendron, &e. I have already described the stipules in the 
latter genus (Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. xxiv. p. 84), where they 
enclose and protect the bud, but in other genera they are entirely 
absent. In Drimys (D. Winteri) they are replaced by some of 
the outer leaves of the resting bud, which are reduced to bract- 
like fleshy scales. The leaves are convolute, the lower enclosing 
the upper ones. 
Again, in Kadsura (K. japonica) the winter-buds are protected 
by the outer leaves, which are reduced to seales, and appear to 
consist of flattened petioles, with a membranous margin repre- 
senting stipules free only at the tip. The true leaves follow the 
scales abruptly. As in Drimys the lower leaves completely 
cover the upper ones. In these respects Schizandra (S. chinen- 
sis) closely resembles Kadsura. 
BERBERIDES. 
Epimedium (E. pinnatum) has large, membranous, brown, intra- 
petiolar stipules. The petioles are quite terete. — 
In Podophyllum (P. peltatum) the base of the petiole is deeply 
concave, produced into broad membranous sheaths, with trian- 
gular, or rounded, free ends representing the stipules. 
In Holbellia (H. hexaphylla) there are no stipules, but the 
resting bud is protected by scales which show traces of stipules 
in being tridentate at the apex. The same occurs in Stauntonia 
(8. latifolia). In the true leaves the function of stipules is per- 
formed by the persistent pedestal, as is also the case in Akebia 
(A. quinata). 
