224 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK ON STIPULES, 
Berberis itself (B. Aquifolium) has the petioles dilated and 
sheathing at the base, the membranous margin being detached in 
its upper part. The winter-bud is protected by scales consisting 
of thin sheaths. They are shortly trifid at the apex, the central 
tooth representing the rudiment of the leaf. As regards the 
rudimentary stipules, B. glumacea resembles B. Aquifolium, as 
also does B. juglandifolium. 
On the other hand, in Berberis japonica the leaves are exsti- 
pulate, but the petioles are undeveloped, and the lowest pair of 
leaflets are attached close to the upper edge of the sheath, so that 
they perform the function of stipules. The winter-bud, however, 
is covered by numerous large scales which show clear indications 
of stipules, being distinctly trieuspidate at the apex. Some of 
the scales bear a rudimentary lamina, with minute leaflets that 
never increase in size, but soon become black. 
BIXINES. 
The genus Azara has stipules and the petiole is terete, but I 
mention it particularly because in some species the stipules are 
remarkably unequal. In A. dentata the two rows on the upper 
side of the branches are foliaceous and evergreen, resembling the 
leaves in shape, toothing, texture, and hairiness ; while the two 
rows on the lower side of the branches are minute, subulate, 
hairy, and brown or black in winter. The two sets are also very 
unequal in A. microphylla and A. Gillesii. Yn A. celastrina, on 
the other hand, both series are minute. 
CARYOPHYLLER. 
Spergula, Spergularia, and most of the Polycarpex have well- 
developed stipules. The leaves are sessile, either terete ornarrowed 
at the base. 
In the species of Caryophylleæ without stipules the reverse is 
the case. 
In Dianthus Caryophyllus, for instance, the leaves are opposite, 
linear, acuminate, acute, carinate beneath, channelled above, 
glaucous, glabrous, entire, sheathing at the base and connate for 
6-7 millim. of their length, and remaining so till leafy buds in 
the axils of the leaves burst the sheaths. 
Other species of Dianthus, of Tunica, Gypsophila, Saponaria, 
Silene, Lychnis, Cerastium, Arenaria, and Sagina, so far as I have 
examined them, all agree in having the basal parts of the leaves 
more or less connate and sheathing. 
