260 DR. GUSTAV RADDE ON THE VERTICAL RANGE 
Great Ararat, Kupgöl lake, 11,267 ft., according to Parrot 
10,933 ft. in English feet. 
, camp on the 8/20 August, 1871, at the northern foot of 
the great glacier, 11,100 ft. (about 11,000 ft. in the first 
account). 
, extreme limit of turf plots on its northern side, 12,357 ft. 
—, firm basis of the upper edge of the glacier (lower edge 
of the Calotte), 14,233 ft. 
——, camp on 9/21 August, after the descent, 9011 ft. 
——, camp 10/22 August, called Estangar, 9853 ft. Accord- 
ing to Parrot, the lower edge of the field of neve 
= 11,922 ft. 
, camp, 18th September, 12,426 ft. 
, do, 26th September, 13,122 ft. 
——-, snow-line twice determined, 13,536 and 13,387 ft. 
, summit 16,916 ft. 
Little Ararat, summit 12,840 ft. 
Height of pass between the two Ararats, 9156 ft. 
1874.—The following heights amongst others to the south of 
Erzeroum were ascended :— 
Palan-töken Pass, the first of that name, 10,155 ft. 
, the second, lying to the west of the former, 9600 ft. 
, summit, according to Strecker 10,485 ft., but the trigo- 
nometrical measurements, taken in the course of 1877-79, 
made it 10,386 ft. 
Bingöl-dagh. In Petermann’s ‘ Mittheilungen ’ for 1877, Heft 
xi. I gave a special description of this region, with the 
measurementsascertained to 1874. At present, I confine 
myself to the figures published by the Topographical 
department of the Caucasian General Staff. Toprak-Kala, 
the western peak of Bingöl-dagh, was trigonometrically 
determined in 1877-79 to be 10,440 ft. ; the highest point 
of Kara-Kala was barometrically reckoned 11,810 ft. by 
Sauriew ; and Demyr-Kala, the easternmost height (which 
I dealt with in my before-mentioned memoir), was given 
as 12,087 ft. by Abich, and 12,300 ft. by Tschichatschew. 
The average altitude of the edge of the crater, where I 
made my richest botanical harvest, would not be over- 
stated at 10,500 ft. ; many species ascend still higher up to 
12,000 ft.; Boissier always cites the Bingöl-dagh plants 
as from 9800 feet only. 
