270 DR. GUSTAV RADDE ON THE VERTICAL RANGE 
(TurasPrPUMILUM, Ledeb. This I do not possess. Ruprecht, 
Fl. Caue. p. 127, cites it both from Schah-dagh and Elbruz, and 
unites it with Æthionema rubescens, Boiss., which is found in the 
Cilician Taurus up to 12,780 ft. | 
*EUNOMIA ROTUNDIFOLIA, C. A. Mey. This pretty Æthionema- 
like Crucifer also attains the region where the snow melts last, 
and its stunted, highest individuals are found on the north side 
of Elbruz at fully 12,000 ft. above the sea. I gathered it there 
at 11,000 ft. in flower, 10/22 August, 1865; and brought strong 
clumps of it from Abulstock to the south of the Tabizkur lake at 
9000 ft. and more. Ruprecht’s view, Fl. Cauc. p. 128, that the 
species belongs only to the Great Caucasus, therefore requires 
correction. 
Four species of Violet ascend to the snow-line in the Caucasus, 
and one of them beyond it; the last is 
*VIoLA MINUTA, Bieb. I have this species from the high Alps 
of the Great Caucasus. A little below the Azunta Pass, at 
12,000 ft., it was in flower on 5/17 July, 1876, and these 
specimens were thoroughly robust. Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. p. 158, 
cites Alagh-dagh, at 11,880 ft., as a station. 
VIOLA PURPUREA, Stev., is mentioned by that botanist as 
flowering in the snow on 9/21 June, 1810, which height is under- 
estimated by Ruprecht, Fl. Caue. p. 146, at 8300 ft. ; in ordinary 
seasons, at least, it grows at the same heights as the most 
luxuriant of the subalpine flora. According to my experience 
the elevation must be considered as upwards of 10,000 ft. 
Owerin reports this at 9000 ft. from Chanakoi-tau. The lowest 
station may be reckoned at 2500 ft. 
VIOLA ARENARIA, DOC,— V. rupestris, Schmidt (Boiss. Fi. 
Orient. i. 72), is reported by Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. 154, from the 
Great Ararat at 10,800 ft. Viola biflora, according to the same 
author, reaches a maximum altitude of 10,200 ft. 
VIOLA ALTAICA, Pall., =V. oreades, Bieb. My highest station 
for this charming species lies on the north side of the Nussa 
Pass at 10,500 ft. ; Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. p. 159, cites it from the 
source of the Malka, on Elbruz, as being 10,645 ft. 
Viora DICHROA, Boiss. y Huet, I brought from the Bingöl- 
dagh, from upwards of 10,500 ft. 
