THE KURAM VALLEY, ETC., AFGHANISTAN, 147 
which is new; Atractylis cuneata, a true Afghan type, only found 
previously by Griffith; Lactuca, 6 species ; Centaurea, 4 species; 
Cnicus, 4 species; Artemisia, 7 species; a new Tanacetum; Gyp- 
sophila Stewartii ; and the following Umbellifere— Angelica Strat- 
toniana, a new species, three new species of Pleurospermum, and 
Ferula communis. Onobrychis cornuta and O. spinosissima, toge- 
ther with some species of Astragalus, Acantholimon, and Gypso- 
phila give a distinctive feature of their own to the country, due 
to their forming thorny masses of various sizes, from that of a 
hedgehog to 4 feet in depth and 18 feet in circumference— 
extremely pleasant to look upon when covered with a mass of 
soft green leaves and bright blossoms. 
Miscellaneous. 
The fig, Ficus Carica, is cultivated in some of the gardens at 
Shâlizân, producing fair fruit. I met with a form of the culti- 
vated pea, Piswm sativum, this year, both in the Hariâb and 
Kuram districts, grown as a field-crop ; it resembled the small 
pea cultivated in Ladák. The stems and leaves of Angelica 
Strattoniana, Ferula communis, Pleurospermum, n. sp., and Codo- 
nopsis are eaten raw, as well as cooked, as relish to their 
bread by the natives. The leaves of Othonnopsis intermedia are 
commonly used as a substitute for soap. A yellow dye is ex- 
tracted from the roots of Jasminum revolutum. The stocks of 
guns and pistols are usually made of walnut-wood ; bows, chiefly 
employed for shooting with pellets, from the wood of Euonymus. 
I have only seen a few arrows; and these were made from the 
reeds of Arundo Donax. The roots and leaves of Codonopsis are 
made into poultices, and employed in the treatment of bruises, 
ulcers, and wounds. The crushed rootstocks of Euphorbia Thom- 
soniana are employed by the natives for washing their heads, and, 
when boiled, used as a purgative and emetic. 
The following enumeration includes not only the additional 
species collected in 1880, but also notes on and the names of 
many of those collected in 1879, the names of which were either 
not determined or incorrectly given in my former paper. The 
numbers belonging to the two collections are always distin- 
guished, those of 1879 having that year within parentheses, and 
separated from those of 1880 by the sign =. 
