868 MR. G. MAW ON THE CLASSIFICATION AND 
of C. sativus," which he named C. intromissus, which was pro- 
bably C. Gaillardotii, a species peculiar to Syria then undescribed. 
Nearly the whole of the species occupy continuous areas, and, 
with the exception of C. vern us, there is no case of repeated occur- 
rence in isolated districts separated by wide breaks. C. vernus 
has a range of about 27? of longitude, from the Carpathians to 
the Pyrenees; andthe continuity of its range is somewhat broken 
in Central France. 
C. biflorus has a wider range of longitude than any other species, 
extending for 38? from Italy into Georgia; and the next in order 
of wide distribution is C. sativus in its various forms, extending 
through 30? of longitude from Italy to Kurdistan ; and its distri- 
bution is essentially Oriental. The same may be said of the annu- 
late species, which have only one representative, C. biflorus, as 
far west as Italy. 
Of the division Znvolucrati, there are about thirteen vernal and 
seventeen autumnal species ; and of the Nudiflori, thirty are vernal 
and eight autumnal. The orange species all occur east of the 
Adriatie; of the thirty species of Involucrati, about half occur 
to the east, and half to the west of the Adriatic; and the Nudi- 
Jlori, with two or three exceptions, are all limited to the region 
east of the Adriatic. 
The genus is remarkable for the wide ranging in altitude of the 
majority of species, those that are essentially alpine or lowland 
being comparatively few in number; and I believe there is no 
single species of the genus that is not perfectly hardy, and capable 
of enduring any of the extremes of frost and heat of our climate. 
Geographical Distribution in relation to Natural Affinities.—1 
must conclude this paper with a brief notice of a few points I 
have observed on geographical distribution in relation to affinity 
and to special secondary characters; some of these are of excep- 
tional interest. 
The grouping geographically of allied species is not general ; 
and the only two notable exceptions present themselves in Western 
Europe and in Italy. 
In the Peninsula and the neighbouring part of France there 
are six or seven autumnal species, viz. C. nudiflorus, C. gn 
natensis, C. asturicus, C. serotinus, C, Salzmanni, and C. Clusü, 
all closely allied and forming a compact group; and, with the 
exception of C. Salzmanni, whieh also occurs on the Barbary 
coast, they are alllimited to Western Europe, where there are no 
