818 MR. J. E. HOWARD ON 
alike the most beautiful and the richest in quinine, has not been 
a success in India.” “I was grieved,’ Mr. Markham says, “to 
see the plants of this species only 5 feet 10 inches high and 63 
inches in girth at an age of three years; while their stunted and 
shrubby appearance, with dim-coloured leaves, is as different as 
possible from the glorious Calisaya of the Caravayan forests.” 
On this I ventured to remark that, though success had not been 
attained at that time in the East Indies, I did not at all despair 
of seeing the Calisaya reassume there its rightful supremacy as 
the queen of all quinine-growing species. 
This hope has since been realized, entirely through the intro- 
duction of mixed seeds of the very best kinds of Calisaya* to this 
country by Mr. C. Ledger f, an ill-requited t benefit, of which the 
Dutch plantations were fortunate enough to reap the first prac- 
tical advantage. 
In the ‘ Journal of Botany ’ for Nov. 1881 Dr. Trimen has pub- 
lished as “Cinchona Ledgeriana, Moens,” a species of Cinchona 
which well illustrates Mr. Markham’s description. The figure is 
taken from one of a “‘ few adult trees of the same kind remaining 
* Tn a letter, Sept. 28th, 1880, Ledger told me that Manuel collected the 
seed near the Rio Mamore, that the seed, at first in different bags, got mixed acci- 
dentally. “I understood him always to say the ‘Rojo’ has white flowers. I 
never saw the splendid tree in F. Simon’s yard in flower. He told me, I well 
remember, it had white and pink flowers—both colours." 
In another letter, Feb. 13th, 1880 :—* I feel convinced in my own mind that 
no white man would or could succeed in getting such splendid seed as my faithful 
Manuel did. It is so clear that he got the true Calisaya ‘rojo.’ In fact, and 
as the good poor fellow repeatedly told me, he got seed from particularly fine 
old trees that we had together seen and sat under. The splendid old tree in 
Fr. Simon's yard we often (in 1850-51) used to look up at and wonder what 
age it could be. It was covered with silvery bright pink moss. We put its age 
at over 500 years. I have often calculated, with Manuel, that it would yield 
fully 15 quintals of dry bark of the three classes, viz. Tabla, Charquesillo, and 
Canuto." 
t The seed came from Mr. M‘Ivor, “ obtained, there can be no doubt, from 
trees which originated from Mr. Ledger’s seed” (‘ Journ. of Botany,’ Nov. 1881, 
p.5). 
t “ The total sum received by Ledger from the Dutch Government was a trifle 
less than £24 sterling" [A mistake in the English edition, the amount should read 
“ £48.” B. Daypon Jackson] (Van Gorkom in ‘ Handbook, p. 91). Ledger, 
however, acknowledges (400 florins) £41 13s. 4d. and £8 6s. 8d. at that time; 
and on Oct. 25th, 1880, £100 was given by the Dutch Government, of the pro- 
ceeds of which he gave Santiago and his family 400 sheep and 5 cows on 
March 7, 1881. 
