SUBSUBAREAS OF BRITISH INDIA. 141 
few plants have been able to struggle across 200 or 250 miles. 
It is true that the rising of the Himalaya is a thing of yesterday ; 
stil there have been considerable oscillations in level since, 
and Khasia was there long before; how few species have been 
carried across by birds, drift-wood, and other aecidents! The 
Flora of Chota Nagpore is worth a special review ; it is essentially 
that of Central India, but there are a very few species which have 
got across from Khasia; such are the strongly-marked Fimbri- 
stylis Hookeri, Boeck., less certainly the (Campanulaceous) 
Cephalostigma Hookeri, C. B. Clarke. 
The Carex sect. Indice are pre-eminently subtropical: they 
are abundant in species and in individuals in India, but exteud 
little beyond India—only a few species of the Sect. have been 
received from China, a few from Atrica and Trop. America, 
Considering the component portions of the Vignee, &c. under 
the same heads :— We have 9 species that belong to the European 
component (such as C. divise, lludsou, C. incurva, Lightf., 
C. vulgaris, Fries) ; these extend from Temperate Europe (several 
from England) to the North-west Himalaya; here they occur 
at bigh levels, and very few reach east even to North Sikkim. 
There are 4 species (3 of which are Kobresias) which represent 
the Central Asian component, and just enter the higher 
Himalaya. 
There are 7 species belonging to the Eastern component, only 
in East Himalaya or Khasia; no one of these extends down the 
Malay Peninsula, and (therefore ?) no one is found in the Nilghiri- 
Ceylon area. 
The 5 remaining Non-Endemic species have a much more 
extensive range; they are abundant plants, and all oceur in 
the Nilghiri-Ceylon Region, viz. :— 
(1) C. nubigena, D. Dou—from Cabul to China. 
(2) C. longipes, D. Don—from Nepal to China. 
(3) C. brunnea, Thunb.—Mascarenia to Japan, Australia, 
Sandwich Isles. 
(4) C. phacota, Spreng.—from South Africa to Japan. 
(5) C. rara, Boott—Khasia to Japan, Borneo, Australia. 
The Endemic Vignee, Ae, (32), follow closely the example of 
the Endemic Proprie and Indiee—one, C. Arnottiana, Dreier, 
is confined to Ceylon; the remaining 31 are confined to the 
