In the more perfect animals are many instruments^ and various senses, which are denied to 

 the lower tribes of animated beings. 



Thus Serpents and Fishes have no feet. 



There is no nose in Insects and Worms. 



There are many Worms without ei/es. 



Thus the farther we descend in this chain,* the more simple the last links will appear ; 

 so that in worms, as the TcEnia, Gordius, and Lmnbricus, many parts are wanting which 

 appear in higher animals, hence called perfect, and in the remotest limits of the animal king- 

 dom, we observe the Zoophyta nearly approaching the vegetable, having diffused branches, 

 radical at the base, unfolding into flowers, in one word, more like to a plant than an 

 animal, unless in this they approach the higher order of animals, that by means oi nerves 

 they have voluntary movement^ hence these animal flowers have sensation, and vibrate without 

 the medium of the external air, which affords motion to plants, some of these being placed in 



* For a full account of the " Chain of Nature," vide the admirable " Contemplation of Nature,'' by the Philosopher Bonnet, who 

 has ably discussed this subject. But the different functions of animated beings will be seen at one view in the following table. 



A TABLE OF THE FUNCTIONS, OR GRADATION, OF LIVING BODIES. 



1. 



Digestion. 



2. 



NUTIUTION. 



ClUCULATION, 



4. 



Rfspiration. 



bD 1 



-a < 



One or more stomachs, easily dis- 

 tinguishable from the wsop/iagiiS' 

 and intestinal canal 



A stomach distinguishable only by 

 certain expansions from the a'so-< 

 phagus and intestinal canal. . . . 



An alimentary canal, not distin- 

 guishable into ossophagus, sto- 

 mach, and intestines 



Neither stomach nor intestines . . . 









o 









ca 









0) 





u 







o 



3 





"""-d 



o 



S »•> 



bn 1 













J 



a 





(U 





O 





a3 





^ 





_ 



By vessels beginning from internal^ 

 cavities 



'Man. 



I Quadrupeds. 



Cetaceous animals. 

 I Birds 



_ Crustaceous animals. 

 ^Oviparous quadrupeds. 



Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 

 ^Fishes, properly so called. 

 ' Insects. 

 ' Worms. 

 ' Zoophytes. 

 ■ PLANTS. 



Man. 



Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals 

 Birds. 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 

 <( Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 

 Fishesj properly so called. 

 Insects. 



Crustaceous animals. 

 Worms. 

 By vessels opening on the external 1 py * -i>jtij, 

 surface j 



C C Man. 



j Having a heart with two ventricles J Quadrupeds. 



and tivo auricles S Cetaceous animals. 



J _ ( Birds. 



■^ With one ventricle divided into se- f Oviparous quadrupeds. 



veial cavities and two auricles. . [ Serpents. 



With one ventncle and one auricle] Caitilaginous fishes. 

 L ^ rtsues, properly so called. 



("Crustaceous animals. 

 Whose heart is formed of one Ion- j Insects, 

 gitudinal vessel, tuberous and J Worms. 



contractile, in which there is a^ In somecrastaceousaniraals there 

 '^ 15 ! u' hitishjliiid instead of I) lood.. . \ is observed something resem- 

 ^ C L bling a heart. 



^ r In which jio heart has been yet"\ 

 ;5 g J observed, but only vessels filled ( Zoophytes. 

 ^ '3^'\ with juices of a nature different (PLANTS. 

 ' from that of Hood J 



By lungs free from all adhesion, ) " "; 



and spungy i Quadrupeds. 



( Cataceous animals. 

 By lungs free from all adhesion, ( Oviparous quadrupeds, 

 vesicular and muscular ....... | Serpents. 



By lungs adhering to the ribs, andj „. 



provided with appendages | 



r Cartilaginous fishes. 



, By gills of different forms J^ Fishes," properly so called. 



(^ Crustaceous animals. 

 By stigmata, or holes in different f Insects. 



i~ings I Earth-worms. 



By an opening called trachea, or ") . 



by external fringes | Aquatic-worms. 



By trachea; PLANTS. 



In which there have been disco- 1 



vered neither stigmata nor tra- > Polypes, 

 cheae. \ 







Jirds. 



Secketio 



J cf.§ J There are no bodies in which secretionsl ah l • 

 N.i :> 5 I are not carried on, T^'^ having am 



animanon. 



6. 



Ossification. 



Generation. 



Irritability. 



9- 

 Sensibility. 



■SI 





Extcriial and cetaceous . 



Man. 



Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals. 



Internal and osseous J Birds. 



! Oviparous quadrupeds. 

 j Serpents. 



L Fishes, properly so called. 

 ^ I <( Internal and cartilaginous Cartilaginous fishes. 



^A J External and corneous r Perfect insects. 



'^^ - I \Lithophytes. 



{Crustaceous animals. 

 Shell-fish. 

 Madrepores. 

 The greatest part of Zoophytes. 

 ^External and ligneous Plants. 



( Insects in their first state. 



Which have no skeleton ■} Worms. 



(_ Polypes. 



fMen. 



Viviparous <^ Quadrupeds. 



( Cetaceous animals. 

 "Birds. 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 



Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 



Fishes, properly so called. 



Insects. 



Crustaceous animals. 

 i Worms. 

 L Plants 

 C Worms. 

 Which propagate also by slips.. . < Polypes. 



C PLANTS. 



^Greatest part of insects in the 

 A body wholly muscular or con-) ^'^^ '^""'^ °^ ''""'' tnmsforma- 



tractile "^ „*'""' 



' ' ' I Worms. 

 V.Polvpes. 

 Mail. 



Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals. 



Muscles covering the skeleton i f"^^^ 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 

 Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 

 I Fishes, properly so called. 

 A skeleton covering the muscles.. . \ Pe^'^ct insects. 



i Crustaceous animals. 



No muscular power PLANTS. 



tn 





(U 





13 



^ 



O 



a 





■s< 



.s 



-^ 



■> 



f^ 



1^ 





Oviparous, whether the evolution 

 of the eggs takes place within or<^ 

 without the female. 





Nerves and irajw easily distinguish- 

 able from the spinal marrow.. . 



•1-1 



<t 



Quadrupeds. 



Cetaceous animals. 



Birds. 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 



Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 



, ,. . '-Fislies> properly so called. 

 JNerves and brain scarcely distin- f Insects. 



guishahle from the spinal mar- ^ Crustaceous animals 



row I Worms. 



In which there have not yet been ) „ 



discovered«ert;«,Zira?«,or^pi«aZ \ Zoophytes. 



marrow \ ^ LANTS. 



* 



h 



Plants 



