APOLOGY. 



Pascitur in vivis livor, post fata quiescit 

 tum suis ex meritis cuique tuetur honos. 



OOME apology is certainly necessary, after any endeavour to reform so celebrated and established a System, as the Sexual System of the illus- 

 trious LiNN^us. Many alterations in this system have been attempted. The enlightened pupil of Linneeus, Thunberg, abolished the classes 

 XX. Gynandria, XXI. Moncecia, XXII. Dmcia, and XXIII. Polygamia. Gmelin, Professor at Gottingen, to the alterations introduced 

 by Thunberg, in publishing a new edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, added the abolition of Class XII. Icosandria ; and the no less cele- 

 brated Dr. Smith, preserving the rest of the System entire, has abolished Order V. Monogamia in Class IX. Syngenesia, and Class XIII. Po- 

 lygamia. " To his Class Polygamia," says Dr. Smith, " many students of tropical plants justly objected in his lifetime, and he, as well as 

 his son, listened to their observations." Dr. Withering, in his Arrangement of British Plants, has followed the system of Gmelin. Pro- 

 fessor Martyn, speaking of the changes introduced by Schreber, in his new edition of Linneeus's Genera Plantarum, says, that his reduc- 

 tion of Class XX. Gynandria, appears " reasonable,'' yet the singularity of the Order Dlandria surely demanded a separate place to itself. 

 But when he comes to mention the incorporation by Gmelin of the Class Icosandria into the Polyandria, he declares this change to be 

 " ahominahle." 



I am aware, that venturing to reform in such a degree the Sexual System, as I have done, will bring upon me, with some, much severe 

 reproach. I am conscious, indeed, as well as others, that the credit of the Sexual System of Linnaeus, as an invention, surpasses all power 

 of praise, and hence has found enthusiastic admirers ; and with timid hands I have ventured to take to pieces the superstructure he raised, 

 and build up from the old materials, w^hich I have carefully and religiously preserved, a new edifice, suited to modern improvement and 

 convenience ; hoping, however, that those who may, hereafter, publish the works of Linnaeus, will edite the Sexual System as delivered by 

 himself, and not bring forward, in the works said to be those of Linnseus, what he never either thought or wrote. For a full defence of the 

 RefoT'med Sexual System vide my " Practical Botany, being a New Illustration of the Genera of Plants, with dissections of each Genus," 

 where this subject has been particularly considered and discussed. 



In a word, as by system is only meant a plan to facilitate the acquirement of the knowledge of plants, the more easy this is contrived 

 to accomplish the proposed end, the better such a system will be accounted ; and I have endeavoured so to contrive this, that I hope no longer 

 any very great obstacles can arise in the way of the student, and that this will plead my excuse with a discerning and indulgent public for 

 venturing to sLcp out of the beaten path, to attempt the reformatinn of a system w^hich has conferred immortal honour upon the inventor, 

 and received the general plaudits and admiration of the learned throughout Europe. It appeared to me more advisable to reform the whole, 

 than to make any partial amendments ; either to adopt the system as delivered to us by Linnaeus, or to have the present system, as erected 

 out of the materials of the old ; a system which I hope may not moulder, like the other systems,* into the sand of which they were composed, 

 but resemble the youthful Phcenix arising from the ashes of its parent, or as a rock in the midst of the ocean, may remain until " the wreck 

 of matter and the crush of worlds." 



It is certainly a great satisfaction for me to find, that although the learned and venerable Professor Martyn has long openly disapproved 

 of the changes made in the Sexual System by the several Reformers, yet he writes to me — ■ 



EXTRACT OF A LETTER TO DR. THORNTON, FROM THE REV. M^ MARTYN. 



" I by no means disapprove of your new attempt to render the Sexual System, by the manner in which you have done it, an easier 

 medium of attaining a knowledge of Plants; and have been long convinced in my own mind, that we strive in vain to unite a natural with 

 an artificial arrangement. V^on your plan, I see no impropriety in bringing the okcuigejb into the Second Class; nor can I even object to 

 yottr altering, as you have done, the separated classes of Linnceus, Icosandria and Polyandria. Your method is ably considered through- 

 out; for along with you I hold our great Master's System as sacred, and can never approve of those greater alterations" (he might have said 

 mutilations) " which some of his pupils have made, so differently is to be estimated the conduct of persons engaged in the same object." 



The Rev. Doctor Milne, the learned author of " A Botanical Dictionary," writes to me — 



EXTRACT OF A LETTER TO DR. THORNTON, FROM THE REV. D^ COLIN MILNE. 



" Your Reformed Schem'e of the Linnctan System has my entire approbation. It possesses all the admirable and elegant simplicity of 

 that of RiviNUS, which has always been a great favourite with me, from the steady adherence of the author to the Principles of his Method, 

 and is eminently adapted for practice. Your remarks respecting the Sexual System are truly excellent; your New Illustration admirable." 



Doctor Shaw, of the British Museum, a gentleman not less eminent as a botanist, than a naturalist, declares, " that he believes had 

 LiNN^TJS been alive, the Reformed Sexual System would be that which he himself would have instantly adopted." 



Similar are the flattering opinions also of several other distinguished botanists, who have expressed their approval of the Reformed Sexual 

 System. But with extreme diffidence I fubmit it to the judgment of the world. 



* Not less than fifty-two systems of Botany have been published, several of them of very considerable merit, but not practically good, hence most of them are now forgotten. 



