FLORA OF TIBET OR HIGH ASIA. 147 
The following interesting observations on the Fauna of Tibet 
are from the same source, pp. 115-116:—* The high central plateau 
of Tibet is densely stocked with animal life. Yak, Poéphagus 
grunmens; Tibetan antelope, Kemas Hodgsonii; Tibetan ravine 
deer, Procapra picticaudata; Kiang or the wild horse, Equus 
hemionus; Burhel, Ovis Nahura; Ovis Hodgsonii ; wild dog, 
Canis Chanco; and grey wolf, Canis laniger, were the larger 
well-known animals met with in suitable ground; often in 
immense numbers. Herds of 40 to 80 yak—bulls, cows, and 
calves together—were seen grazing in sheltered valleys or on the 
hill-sides. As many as 300 kiang, 700 or 800 antelope, and 80 
or 100 ravine deer were sometimes viewed on the same day. 
“The animal food-supply on the high central plateau is practi- 
cally inexhaustible, considering the few months in the year this 
plateau is inhabitable. Hares, Tibetan sand-grouse, Syrrhaptes 
tibetanus, and ‘ram chickore,’ Tetraogallus himalayensis, are 
resident and occur in great numbers. 
“Wild goslings of bar-headed geese, Anser indicus, were found 
in pools at altitudes of about 17,000 ft.; but this appears to 
be the only game-bird that breeds on the high central plateau. 
In the autumn immense flocks of ‘coolen,’ duck, geese, and teal 
were seen winging their flight India-wards from the north. A 
single full snipe was very rarely flushed from a marsh. The 
other animals on the high central plateau were foxes of many 
kinds, marmots, Arctomys Bolac, and a large-eared field~mouse. 
The only fox identified was Vulpes ferilatus, Hodgson. The 
footmarks of bears were seen, but none of other carnivora except 
those mentioned above. The small running streams on the 
southern border of the high central plateau, if rising from springs 
not liable to freezing, were well stocked with fish; small, but 
excellent eating. Locusts and butterflies were found on the 
high central plateau. In South-eastern Tibet, immediately before 
entering the wooded country, we met with an extremely rare bear 
(undetermined). The Tibetan wapati, Cervus eustephanus, the 
musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus, and the napi Elaphodus cepha- 
lophus, were the animals met with in the forests and identified. 
Musk-pods and stag-horns for medicine are largely exported to 
China from districts not in close proximity to monasteries. It 
is not yet finally decided whether the stag above mentioned 
is the Cervus eustephanus or not, the question being still under 
the consideration of experts. The game-birds found in the region 
